Candidula

Candidula
	Two live individuals of Candidula unifasciata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Stylommatophora
Family:	Geomitridae
Genus:	Candidula; Kobelt, 1871
Type species
	Glischrus (Helix) candidula; Studer, 1820
Synonyms
	Xeroalbina Monterosato, 1892; Xerocodia Monterosato, 1892; Xerotringa Monterosato, 1892; Xerovaga Monterosato, 1892;

Candidula is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, . the hairy snails and their allies.

The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.

Species

Species within the genus Candidula s.l. include:

Candidula candidescens A. J. Wagner, 1928 (taxon inquirendum)
Candidula castriota Soós, 1924
Candidula cavannae (Paulucci, 1881)
Candidula codia (Bourguignat, 1859)
Candidula conglomeratica Bodon, Cianfanelli, Chueca & Pfenninger, 2020
Candidula lernaea Hausdorf, 1991
†Candidula radigueli (Bourguignat, 1869)
†Candidula rechodia (Bourguignat, 1862)
Candidula rhabdotoides (A. J. Wagner, 1928)
Candidula rugosiuscula (Michaud, 1831)
† Candidula soosi (Gaál, 1910)
Candidula syrensis (Pfeiffer, 1846) (taxon inquirendum)
Candidula unifasciata (Poiret, 1801) - type species
Candidula verticillata (Pfeiffer, 1871) (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear)

Species brought into synonymy

Candidula arganica (Servain, 1880): synonym of Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
Candidula belemensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
Candidula camporroblensis (Fez, 1944): synonym of Backeljaia camporroblensis (Fez, 1944) (invalid combination)
Candidula corbellai Martínez-Ortí, 2011: synonym of Backeljaia corbellai (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) (original combination)
Candidula coudensis Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010: synonym of Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination)
Candidula fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938): synonym of Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938) (invalid combination)
Candidula gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1847): synonym of Backeljaia gigaxii (L. Pfeiffer, 1847) (invalid combination)
Candidula grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881): synonym of Xerogyra grovesiana (Paulucii, 1881) (invalid combination)
Candidula intersecta (Poiret, 1801): synonym of Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination)
Candidula najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of Backeljaia najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
Candidula olisippensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa olisippensis (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
Candidula rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of Zarateana rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
Candidula setubalensis (Pfeiffer, 1850): synonym of Xeroplexa setubalensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1850) (invalid combination)
Candidula spadae (Calcara, 1845): synonym of Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845) (invalid combination)
† Candidula striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906): synonym of † Helicella striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906)
Candidula ultima (Mousson, 1872): synonym of Orexana ultima (Mousson, 1872) (invalid combination)

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed the polyphyly of the genus being divided into at least six genera

The species of Candidula s.l. should be classified as follows:

Backeljaia
- Backeljaia camporroblensis (Fez, 1944)
- Backeljaia corbellai (Martínez-Ortí, 2011)
- Backeljaia gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1847) type species
- Backeljaia najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
Candidula
Orexana
- Orexana ultima (Mousson, 1872) type species
Xerogyra
- Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938)
- Xerogyra grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881)
- Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845)
Xeroplexa
- Xeroplexa arrabidensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
- Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
- Xeroplexa carrapateirensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
- Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010)
- Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801)
- Xeroplexa olisippensis (Servain, 1880)
- Xeroplexa ponsulensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
- Xeroplexa scabiosula (Locard, 1899)
- Xeroplexa setubalensis (Pfeiffer, 1850) type species
- Xeroplexa strucki (Maltzan, 1886)
Zarateana
- Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880) type species
- Zarateana rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)

References

↑ (in German) Kobelt W. (1871). Catalog der im europäischen Faunengebiet lebenden Binnenconchylien. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der in Rossmässler's Sammlung enthaltenen Arten. pp. I-XVI [= 1-16], 1–150. Cassel. page 22. PDF.
↑ MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25
↑ Razkin, Oihana; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín Juán; Prieto, Carlos Enrique; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Arrébola, José Ramón; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, María José (February 2015). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 99–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014. PMID 25485783.
↑ Welter Schultes F.(2009). "Genus summary for Candidula". AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014.
↑ "COL". COL. Retrieved 2026-03-06.
↑ Chueca, Luis J.; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín J.; Madeira, María José; Pfenninger, Markus (January 2018). "Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022. PMID 29107619.

Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017.

External links

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[1] (in German) Kobelt W. (1871). Catalog der im europäischen Faunengebiet lebenden Binnenconchylien. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der in Rossmässler's Sammlung enthaltenen Arten. pp. I-XVI [= 1-16], 1–150. Cassel. page 22. PDF.

[WoRMS-2] MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25

[3] Razkin, Oihana; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín Juán; Prieto, Carlos Enrique; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Arrébola, José Ramón; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, María José (February 2015). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 99–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014. PMID 25485783.

[AB-4] Welter Schultes F.(2009). "Genus summary for Candidula". AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014.

[5] "COL". COL. Retrieved 2026-03-06.

[6] Chueca, Luis J.; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín J.; Madeira, María José; Pfenninger, Markus (January 2018). "Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022. PMID 29107619.

Candidula

Two live individuals of Candidula unifasciata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Stylommatophora
Family:	Geomitridae
Genus:	Candidula Kobelt, 1871
Type species
Glischrus (Helix) candidula Studer, 1820
Synonyms
Xeroalbina Monterosato, 1892 Xerocodia Monterosato, 1892 Xerotringa Monterosato, 1892 Xerovaga Monterosato, 1892