DR3000 series

DR3000 series
TRA DR3000 series diesel multiple unit
Stock typeDiesel multiple unit, intercity rail
ManufacturerHitachi
Assembly Japan
Constructed1990
Entered serviceDecember 18, 1990 (35 years, 326 days)
RetiredApril 26, 2023 (3 years, 197 days)
Number builtDR3000 series: 54 vehicles
DR3070 series: 27 vehicles
27 sets, 81 vehicles
Design codePower cars: DR3001–DR3054: 118 
Generator trailers: DR3071–DR3097: 118 
Power car: DR3000 series
Generator trailer: DR3070 series: 113 
CapacityBefore modification: Driving power car: 44
Generator trailer car: 54
After modification: Power car: 40
Generator trailer: 54
OperatorTaiwan Railways Administration
Specifications
Car body constructionStainless steel
Car length20,274
Width2,850
Height4,070
DoorsDR3000 series: 1 passenger door at rear end, 1 emergency escape door at front end
DR3070 series: 1 passenger door at each end of the car
Maximum speed110 km/h
WeightDR3000 series: 39 t
DR3070 series: 36
Prime moversBefore modification: Cummins NT855-R4 diesel engine
After modification – Power car: Cummins N14-R4 diesel engine
Generator trailer: Cummins NT855-R4 diesel engine
Power outputBefore modification: 335 HP / 2,100 rpm (power car): 118 
After modification: 350 HP / 2,350 rpm (power car)
Generator: 270 HP / 1,800 rpm (generator trailer)
TransmissionNiigata Tekko DBSF110 hydraulic transmission: 106 
BogiesDR3000 series: DTM-40 type bogie
DR3070 series: DTT-40 type bogie
Safety systemsATW/ATS: 174–183 , ATP
Track gauge1,067 mm (1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in))
Notes/references
Maximum of 5 sets (15 vehicles) in multiple-unit operation.

The TRA DR3000 series diesel multiple unit is an air-conditioned diesel passenger car introduced by the Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA) in 1990, the third air-conditioned diesel multiple unit type operated by TRA. It was manufactured by Hitachi. In the early 1990s, despite the DR2800 and DR2900 series already operating Tze-chiang services on the eastern main line, tickets were still extremely difficult to obtain. Combined with the upcoming opening of the South Link Line, the need for additional rolling stock became urgent. On December 23, 2020, electrification of the South Link Line was completed across its full length, leaving no unelectrified sections on Taiwan's circular railway main lines. Combined with the gradual delivery of the new EMU3000 electric multiple units beginning in 2021, the operational need for diesel Tze-Chiang services diminished. After the timetable change on April 26, 2023, the DR3000 series was officially retired, ending 33 years of service on Taiwan's eastern main line.

Background

History of introduction

Among the ten major construction projects of Taiwan in the 1970s, the construction of the North Link Line became one of the most important railway projects of the era. It connected Nanshenhu Station on the Yilan Line with Hualien Station, opening officially in February 1980.: 102–103 : 134  Subsequently, in July 1982, the Taitung Line completed a gauge conversion from 762 mm to 1,067 mm,: 93 : 119  making the Yilan Line, North Link Line, and Taitung Line the primary railway trunk lines in eastern Taiwan.: 120–123 

In the early 1990s, the existing DR2800 and DR2900 diesel multiple units could no longer meet the continuously growing passenger demand on the eastern main line. With the imminent opening of the South Link Line, the need for additional rolling stock became pressing. The decision was therefore made to purchase diesel multiple units of the same specifications as the DR2900 series from Hitachi of Japan as supplementary stock. In order to address the operational shortfall at once, 27 sets totaling 81 vehicles were ultimately procured,: 115  making this the largest single purchase of diesel passenger cars in Taiwan railway history [zh] to date. Since the vehicle design was largely identical to the DR2900 series, the numbering was originally intended to continue the DR2900 series sequence; however, as the number of cars was too large and would result in duplicate numbering, the type designation was changed to DR3000 for power cars and DR3070 for generator trailers. Although Hitachi was awarded the contract for the DR3000 series, it in fact subcontracted the construction of 15 vehicles to Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Tokyu Car Corporation without disclosing this to TRA; this was only revealed to TRA through a foreign railway magazine half a year after all vehicles had been delivered, and the matter was subsequently referred to the Control Yuan for censure.

Operational history

After multiple trial runs and preparation, the trains entered service on December 18, 1990, operating under the "Tze-Chiang" name on the eastern main line. Initially, because the DR3000 series was control-system-compatible with the DR2800 series, the two types were routinely coupled together in regular service. However, because the braking systems of the DR2800 and DR3000 series differed,: 115  coupling caused a jerking sensation during braking; consequently, after 2000, combined operation of the two types became rare except on consecutive holidays.: 128  The DR2900 and DR3000 series, having nearly identical braking systems without any jerk, were routinely coupled together instead. After the South Link Line opened on January 12, 1992, the service area expanded to the Western Line north section (to Shulin), the South Link Line, the Pingtung Line, the Western Line south section, and the Mountain Line (to Taichung). In 1998, service was extended to Fengyuan. With the late-1990s Banqiao–Shulin railway underground project [zh], the operating section was changed to run between Shulin and Taitung. After 2000, the DR2900 and DR3000 series began sharing a common pool for coupled operation. On July 16, 2014, electrification of the entire Taitung Line was completed. With the addition of Puyuma Express trains on the eastern main line, some direct express services began to be operated by TEMU2000 sets. In 2015, electrification of the Pingtung Line between Pingtung and Chaozhou was completed; however, as electrification between Chaozhou and Fangliao had not yet been finished, local train [zh] services over the unelectrified section used the DR2900 or DR3000 series. After electrification was completed in 2019, these services switched to Electric multiple units (TRA) [zh]. From October 16, 2016, following the opening of elevated tracks under the Taichung urban railway grade separation project [zh], the gap between the new platform edges and the car doors was excessive, leading to the complete withdrawal of the DR3000 series from Mountain Line services; the southern terminus was changed to Changhua on the Western Line south section.

On December 23, 2020, electrification of the South Link Line was completed across its full length, leaving no unelectrified sections on Taiwan's circular railway main lines. Combined with the gradual delivery of the new EMU3000 electric Tze-Chiang express trains beginning in 2021, the operational demand for diesel Tze-Chiang services disappeared, and the number of scheduled workings was drastically reduced. The DR3000 series therefore began to be taken out of service rather than undergo overhaul upon reaching each Class A maintenance interval. From the timetable change on March 29, 2022, operating workings were reduced to just two sets: one assigned to commuter trains for staff at the Chaozhou depot [zh], operating two round trips between Kaohsiung Machinery Workshop [zh] and Chaozhou Station Monday through Friday; and the other assigned to regular passenger services, operating 13 workings on the eastern main line and South Link Line between Shulin, Hualien, Zuoying, and Changhua. On June 29 of that year, services were further reduced to 10 workings, and on November 17 reduced again to only 6 workings. After the timetable change on April 26, 2023, the DR3000 series was officially retired, ending 33 years of service on Taiwan's eastern main line. On the day of retirement, TRA specially operated train No. 6688 from Shulin to Hualien as a farewell event. Throughout those 33 years, mechanical failures were rare; even when a failure occurred en route, the train was generally able to complete its journey and return to the depot under its own power without needing assistance.

Specifications and construction

Car body

Taking into account Taiwan's warm and humid climate, the car body of the DR3000 series was constructed of stainless steel, with a design identical to that of the DR2900 series. The window design features large windows alternating with small windows. DR3000 series trains were fitted with an electric tablet catcher guard in front of the escape door to prevent the tablet from striking the car body and causing noise or damage due to inertia at high speed; the original tablet guard has since been removed. Behind this guard is an emergency escape door, enabling rapid passenger evacuation in the event of an accident. The passenger boarding doors are located at the rear end of the car, while the DR3070 series has boarding doors at both ends of each car. New vehicles were fitted with manual folding doors, but beginning in 2009, to prevent passengers from falling out due to an improperly closed door, the DR3000 series was progressively modified by the Nanzhou plant of Chinyang Corporation, primarily replacing the folding doors with sliding plug-type electric doors. This improved both convenience and safety by reducing the risk of accidents caused by doors left unclosed. Because jumper cables for the automatic door interlock system had to be installed, the external appearance at the car ends changed slightly: the number of inter-car jumper cables increased from two to three, the position of the tail lights shifted slightly upward, and the electrical tail light bracket moved from above the tail light to beside it. The livery is identical to that of the DR2900 series: the front end features a warning color scheme to alert pedestrians, and yellow and orange stripes are applied along the upper and lower edges of the windows to increase visibility and enhance passenger sense of safety. The DR3000 series carried the TRA emblem above the car number from new, so in the early years the only way to distinguish a DR3000 from a DR2900 at a distance was by the emblem on the car body.

The side destination indicator on the trains was originally a roller blind type installed above the doors. To allow for greater flexibility in displayed content, when the doors were renewed in 2009 the indicators were replaced with tri-color LED displays, relocated from above the doors to above the center section of the car body. The space above the doors previously occupied by the roller blind destination indicator was repurposed for the automatic door mechanism; the LED displays are of the same type as those used on the DR2800 series.

Passenger saloon

The interior design of the DR3000 series is essentially the same as that of the DR2900 series. The aisle is carpeted, the walls are finished with wood-grain paneling, and the seats are reversible reclining chairs identical to those used on Chu-Kuang trains, arranged in a 2+2 configuration with a seat pitch of 1,100 mm. There are 11 rows of 22 pairs of seats, totaling 44 seats. In July 2003, following the Sunlong Bus Highway fire incident [zh], the four seats adjacent to the emergency door were removed, reducing seating to 40. The DR3070 generator trailer has no toilet, only a simple galley area, allowing more seats to be installed: 14 rows on the odd-numbered side and 13 rows on the even-numbered side due to the galley, totaling 54 seats. Above the seats are luggage racks; the design differs considerably from that of the DR2900 series in that a metal rail guard is fitted along the outer edge of the rack to prevent luggage from sliding off. The DR3000 series has green guard rails, while the DR3070 series has orange guard rails. Below the windows, a cup holder is installed beside each seat. The interior features arch doorways similar to those of the DR2700 diesel passenger cars,: 106  within which heat piping and exhaust pipes are routed, with metal decorative panels adorning the arches. The aisle carpeting was later removed to simplify maintenance and procurement. The DR3000 power car has a separate driver's cab on the left side of the train, partitioned from the saloon by a small divider panel; on the opposite side of the cab is a two-person reversible reclining seat which, separated from the general passenger area by a partition and offering a forward view of the track ahead, became colloquially known as the "King's Seat" (天王座). This seat was generally used as the conductor's rest area or as a rest space for on-board maintenance staff. The DR3070 series, having no driver's cab, has no equivalent "King's Seat" section.

Powertrain

The DR3000 series diesel multiple unit was originally equipped with Cummins NT855-R4 diesel engines, with a continuous output of 310 hp / 2,100 rpm per set, paired with a DBSF110 hydraulic torque converter manufactured by Niigata Tekko,: 106  switchable between fluid coupling (low-speed range) and direct coupling (high-speed range), giving the trains a maximum speed of 110 km/h. In the early 2010s, the traction NT855-R4 engines became increasingly worn, frequently resulting in insufficient power and delays. Between 2011 and 2012, they were progressively replaced with the more powerful N14-R4 engines, raising continuous output to 350 hp per set. The generator engines of the DR3070 series were not replaced, as they do not affect traction performance. After the DR3000 series was retired, as the N14-R4 engines had seen relatively little use, and since the active DR3100 and DR1000 [zh] diesel fleets both use the NTA855-R1 engine type, the N14-R4 engines were removed and fitted to DR3100 series vehicles to make full use of both engine types, while the engines originally in the DR3100 series were removed for use as spare parts for the DR1000 fleet. The engine cooling radiators on the DR3000 series are mounted on the car roof in the same manner as those on the DR2700 series. The cooling fans are hydraulically driven and automatically regulated according to the diesel engine's rotational speed to maintain coolant temperature within the normal range.

The DR3000 series uses Hitachi bolster-type bogies: the primary suspension consists of metal coil springs, while the secondary suspension uses air spring bolsters. Power cars use the DTM-40 type bogie and unpowered generator trailers use the DTT-40 type bogie.: 106 

Power generation

All electrical power required by the train is supplied entirely by the generator set aboard the DR3070 generator trailer. This generator set is driven by a Cummins NT855-R4 engine paired with a Fuji Electric 3FC5314E-4Z type three-phase AC brushless alternator. The engine runs at a fixed speed of 270 HP / 1,800 rpm to meet the generator's output requirements. The electricity produced supplies 440 V three-phase AC for air conditioning, 110 V AC for fluorescent lighting and ventilation fans, and 24 V DC for control systems and battery charging.: 118  A single generator set can supply up to two coupled sets, serving six cars in total. Since the NT855-R4 engine and 3FC5314E-4Z generator are the same types used in the DR1000 and DR3100 series, these components were removed upon retirement and kept as maintenance spare parts.

Safety systems

The DR3000 series was originally equipped with Ericsson-manufactured Automatic Warning System (AWS) and Automatic Train Stop (ATS-SN and ATS-P) safety systems.: 174–183  On November 15, 1991, the Zaoqiao train collision occurred, killing 30 people and injuring 112, prompting TRA to begin planning an upgrade from the older AWS and ATS systems to a new ATP system. TRA introduced Bombardier Transportation-manufactured Automatic Train Protection (ATP) in 2007, conforming to European Rail Traffic Management System Level 1 standards (including ETCS). However, due to a high failure rate, many drivers chose to disable the ATP system. Following the 2007 Dali Station train collision [zh], which killed 5 people and injured 17, TRA launched its "Circular Railway Integrated System Safety Enhancement Plan" in 2009 and installed an ATP remote monitoring system.

Vehicle types and formation

Each DR3000 series set is permanently formed as a three-car unit, with power cars at both ends and a generator trailer in the middle. During consecutive holidays or special events with high demand, up to five sets (15 cars) may operate coupled together. The formation consists of driving power car DR3000, generator trailer DR3070, and driving power car DR3000. The DR3000 series uses the same control system as the DR2800, DR2900, and subsequently introduced DR3100 and DR1000 series, enabling multiple-unit control operation with these other diesel multiple unit types. The maximum is 5 sets (15 vehicles) in multiple-unit operation.

DR3000 series
The driving power car, equipped with a conductor's compartment, driver's cab, and traction engine. There are 54 vehicles in total. The car roof carries the engine cooling radiator, exhaust pipe, and air conditioning equipment; the interior includes a toilet and a galley. Below the underframe are the fuel tank, battery and instrument box, control components for the basic brake system, air compressor, toilet water tank, engine air filter, exhaust silencer, transmission oil tank, contactor switches, and other equipment. The DR3000 power car originally had 44 seats;: 113  after the seats near the emergency door were removed, the count was reduced to 40.
DR3070 series
The generator trailer, equipped with the generator set. There are 27 vehicles in total. The roof equipment is broadly the same as that of the DR3000 power car; the interior includes a galley, and the underframe carries a diesel generator and transformer as the electrical power source for the air conditioning system. The DR3070 generator trailer originally had 54 seats.: 113 
 
DR3000
←← (reverse direction)
（forward direction）→→
Car number 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 3, 6, 9, 12, 15
Type 40DR3000
(M)		 40DR3070
(T)		 40DR3000
(M)
Other facilities ,,
Seating capacity 384638
Key
  • : Driver's cab, conductor's seat (cars 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15)
  • : Toilet

References:

Modifications

In 2009, the original manual doors were replaced with automatic doors, and the original roller blind destination indicators were updated to LED displays. Detailed information on these modifications is provided in the car body section above. Under the TRA low-floor platform modification plan [zh] that began in 2016, this series was initially included in the list of vehicles to be modified; the modifications were to be the same as those for automatic-door Chu-Kuang carriages, but due to the purchase of new intercity trains, electrification of the South Link Line, and the age of the vehicles, the series was subsequently removed from the plan.

Preserved vehicles

Of the DR3000 series diesel fleet, only one vehicle is preserved in operational condition and one in static display. The vehicle preserved for static display is DR3051, which was involved in a debris flow accident in Fanshan No. 2 Tunnel on August 31, 2013; after restoration by Hualien Workshop [zh] in 2019, it is on display at Linrong Shin Kong station. The vehicle preserved in operational condition is generator trailer DR3092, used as an accommodation car for the emergency train of the Taitung Motive Power Depot [zh].

Accidents

On March 27, 1997, Tze-Chiang express train No. 1083, running from Shulin to Su'ao, encountered a concrete pump truck carrying out slope work inside Wai'ao station that had inadvertently encroached onto the track, causing the train to collide with it at high speed. The accident killed the concrete pump truck driver and left more than 20 train passengers with injuries of varying severity.

On August 9, 2002, deadhead train No. 2051A, running from Changhua to Fengyuan, was about to pass through Taichung Station at 5:20 a.m. when an overheight container truck struck the crossover bridge at the south end of the station, damaging the rail. The train subsequently derailed at high speed and struck platform 1, leaving 3 people with injuries of varying severity.

On April 9, 2009, Tze-Chiang express train No. 2056, running from Taitung to Fengyuan, suffered a hot axlebox incident near Bao-an in Rende Township, Tainan County. On April 5, 2010, the same train running from Taitung to Fengyuan suffered an engine drop from one car, DR3071, between Xishi and Linluo stations.

On August 31, 2013, Tze-Chiang express train No. 302, running from Taitung to Zuoying, struck a debris flow between Fangye and Jialuh stations, leaving 17 passengers with injuries of varying severity.

On June 22, 2016, Tze-Chiang express train No. 307, running from Zuoying to Hualien, suffered a derailment and overturning of cars 7 through 9 at the rear of the train between Ruisui and Fuyuan due to damaged track, injuring 2 independent travelers from mainland China.

On September 18, 2022, while Tze-Chiang express train No. 420, running from Hualien to Taitung, was at Dongli Station, the Taitung earthquake caused a collapse of the station platform canopy, which fell onto the train. Cars 1, 1C, 2, 5, 6, and 7 derailed and tilted; the 20 passengers aboard were uninjured.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The driving power car and generator trailer use the same engine type.
  2. ↑ Now Su-ao New Station.
  3. ↑ The source states 1900, which is a typographical error for 1990 in the original.
  4. ↑ The emergency door was not modified because its conversion would require changes to the interior design.
  5. ↑ Transliterated by TRA as "Guminshi" (固敏式).
  6. ↑ Production serial numbers all begin with DR3000.
  7. ↑ Production serial numbers all begin with DR3070.
  8. ↑ Inter-type coupling is usually only carried out during factory trial runs.
  9. ↑ Now Rende District, Tainan City.

References

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  17. ↑ Taiwan Railways Administration (September 9, 2019). 「城際電聯車600 輛」購案 赴日本考察車輛製造廠及觀光列車行銷 [Overseas trip report: Inspection of vehicle manufacturers and tourist train marketing in Japan for the "600 intercity EMU" procurement case] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Government Overseas Travel Report Information Network. p. 21. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
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  25. ↑ 謝明勳; 童振疆; 古庭維 (December 10, 2016). Hā mǎ xīng táiwān tiědào guǎn: Táiwān bǎinián tiědào suōyǐng 哈瑪星臺灣鐵道館：臺灣百年鐵道縮影 [Hamasen Taiwan Railway Museum: A Microcosm of a Century of Taiwan Railways] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taichung: Morning Star Publishing. ISBN 978-986-443-204-2.
  26. ↑ 井川 尚 (February 1, 1991). "REPORT taiwan'notetsudō" REPORT 台湾の鉄道 [Report: Railways of Taiwan] (PDF). Railway Fan, 鉄道ファン (in Japanese). 31 (358): 109–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2025.
  27. ↑ 莊佩璋 (May 19, 1993). "Jiān yuànguò jiūzhèng tiělù jú jiān yàn gòuchē bù zhōu àn" 監院過糾正鐵路局監驗購車不周案 [Control Yuan censures Railway Bureau for inadequate supervision of vehicle procurement]. China Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. 6.
  28. ↑ Control Yuan (May 24, 1993). "Jiūzhèng àn (82) jiān tái yuàn jī zì dì 1350 hào" 糾正案　(82)監台院機字第1350號 [Censure case (82) Control Yuan Ji No. 1350]. 監察院公報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (1901). Control Yuan: 798. Archived from the original on September 22, 2024.
  29. ↑ 黃柏文; 柯凱仁 (September 2012). "Táiwān dì yī kuǎn chái lián zìqiáng hào——DR2800 xíng 30 nián jìnhuà shǐ" 臺灣第一款柴聯自強號——DR2800型30年進化史 [Taiwan's first diesel Tze-Chiang: the 30-year evolution of the DR2800 series]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (208): 50–67. ISSN 2073-2163.
  30. ↑ 古庭維; 鄧志忠; 片倉佳史; 蘇棨豪(半島); 台大火車社; 柯凱仁; 陳映彤; 陳威旭; 黃偉嘉; 藍一昌; NCTU Railway Research Association; 李春政 (October 8, 2014). Tiědào xīn lǚ: Běi huí. Píng dōng. Nán huí xiàn-41 zhàn quán lǎn (diǎncáng bǎn) 鐵道新旅：北迴.屏東.南迴線-41站全覽(典藏版) [New Railway Journey: North Link, Pingtung, and South Link Lines – Complete Guide to 41 Stations (Collector's Edition)] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei: Walkers Cultural. p. 10. ISBN 978-986-5787-61-5.
  31. ↑ 楊孝博 (November 2012). "Kāitiānpìdì, nán huí tiělù" 開天闢地，南迴鐵路 [Breaking new ground: the South Link Railway]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 24 (209): 68–83. ISSN 2073-2163.
  32. ↑ 楊孝博 (November 12, 2020). "Běi huánxiàn yùnzhuǎn jì huà yǔ chēzhǒng biànqiān cóng cháiyóu kèchē dào qīngxié shì diàn lián chē" 北環線運轉計畫與車種變遷　從柴油客車到傾斜式電聯車 [Northern loop line service plans and rolling stock changes: from diesel passenger cars to tilting EMUs]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 32 (245): 63–71. ISSN 2073-2163.
  33. ↑ 柯凱仁; 黃柏文 (October 9, 2014). "Dōng tà zhìjīn de tái dōng xiàn chēliàng yùnyòng cóngxiǎo dīngdāng dào pǔ yōu mǎ" 東拓至今的臺東線車輛運用　從小叮噹到普悠瑪 [Taitung Line rolling stock since eastern extension: from Doraemon to Puyuma]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 26 (220): 72–79. ISSN 2073-2163.
  34. ↑ 古庭維; 鄧志忠; 片倉佳史; 蘇棨豪(半島); 台大火車社; 林韋帆; 陳穩立; 林宜潔; 黃偉嘉; 藍一昌; NCTU Railway Research Association (May 4, 2016). Tiědào xīn lǚ: Yílán xiàn (diǎncáng bǎn) 鐵道新旅: 宜蘭線(典藏版) [New Railway Journey: Yilan Line (Collector's Edition)] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei: Walkers Cultural. p. 6. ISBN 978-986-92889-3-4.
  35. ↑ 編輯部 (December 11, 2015). "Píng dōng zhàn qǐyòng jì píng cháo shuāng xiàn diànqìhuà tōngchē" 屏東站啟用暨屏潮雙線電氣化通車 [Opening of Pingtung Station and electrification of the double track between Pingtung and Chaojhou]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 27 (227): 28–32. ISSN 2073-2163.
  36. ↑ 黃智詮 (October 1, 2020). "Tái tiě 2019 nián 12 yuè 20 rì gǎi diǎn zhāiyào" 臺鐵2019年12月20日改點摘要 [Summary of TRA timetable change on December 20, 2019]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 31 (244): 4–6. ISSN 2073-2163.
  37. ↑ 王彥翔 (January 24, 2017). "Táizhōng gāojià xīn xiàn" 臺中高架新線 [Taichung's new elevated line]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 28 (230): 58–65. ISSN 2073-2163.
  38. ↑ 柯凱仁 (September 26, 2023). "Tái tiě jú 2022 nián 12 yuè 28 rì gǎi diǎn zài huì fùxīng hào qūjiān chē" 臺鐵局2022年12月28日改點　再會復興號區間車 [TRA timetable change on December 28, 2022: farewell to Fuhsing local trains]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 35 (263): 84–85. ISSN 2073-2163.
  39. 1 2 柯凱仁 (May 15, 2022). "Zhédié mén kèchē jí chái lián chē yùnyòng xiànkuàng zuìhòu zhuīzhú jīhuì" 摺疊門客車及柴聯車運用現況　最後追逐機會 [Current operations of folding-door passenger cars and diesel multiple units: the last chance to chase them]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 34 (258): 72–77. ISSN 2073-2163.
  40. ↑ 黃子恩 (March 15, 2023). "Chái lián chē, dàoshǔ kāishǐ zuìhòu de shíguāng" 柴聯車，倒數開始　最後的時光 [Diesel multiple units: the countdown begins – the final days]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 34 (260): 88–93. ISSN 2073-2163.
  41. ↑ 黃旭昇 (April 26, 2023). 李錫璋 (ed.). "3 Kuǎn chái lián zìqiáng hào kāi chū mò bān jìniàn lièchē zǒu rù lìshǐ jìyì" 3款柴聯自強號開出末班紀念列車 走入歷史記憶 [Three diesel Tze-Chiang series operate farewell memorial train, passing into history] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei. Central News Agency. Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
  42. ↑ 洪致文; 古庭維 (December 2015). Bǎinián lúnzhuǎntáiwān tiědào 百年輪轉・臺灣鐵道 [A Century in Motion: Taiwan Railways] (in Chinese). Taipei: National Taiwan Museum. pp. 195–166. ISBN 978-986-04-6705-5.
  43. ↑ "Xiāoshī de juéjì! Tái tiě sījī yuán jìn zhàn 'tào quān quān'yuányīn pùguāng" 消失的絕技！台鐵司機員進站「套圈圈」原因曝光 [A vanishing skill! The reason TRA drivers "ring in" at stations revealed] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Liberty Times. April 18, 2020. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023.
  44. ↑ "Taiwan tetsudō no kiso chishiki" 台湾鉄道の基礎知識 [Basic knowledge of Taiwan's railways]. Torein, とれいん (雑誌) (in Japanese). 15 (489): 12–17. September 19, 2015.
  45. 1 2 3 林宜潔 (July 2024). "Chái lián chē fèi huí qián zhì zuòyè zhà qián shèngyú jiàzhí" 柴聯車廢回前置作業　榨乾剩餘價值 [Pre-retirement work on diesel multiple units: squeezing out every last bit of value]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 35 (264): 66–73. ISSN 2073-2163.
  46. 1 2 林雨佑; 楊惠君; 嚴文廷 (September 4, 2019). "Ānquán hēidòng huí quān: Tái tiě guǐdào yù xiū yù bùpíng,30 nián zhǐ jiànle bàn tào ATP" 安全黑洞迴圈：台鐵軌道愈修愈不平、30年只建了半套ATP [The safety black hole loop: TRA tracks getting bumpier, only half an ATP system built in 30 years] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). The Reporter. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024.
  47. ↑ "1040519_Wú jiē huà gōngkāi shuōmíng huì jiǎnbào_1040519-1" 1040519_無階化公開說明會簡報_1040519-1 [May 19, 2015 Low-floor public briefing presentation]. May 19, 2015. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018.
  48. 1 2 編輯部 (July 2024). "Tái tiě chái lián chē xiànkuàng yǔ bǎocún dòngtài bǎocún xīwàng pòmiè" 臺鐵柴聯車現況與保存　動態保存希望破滅 [Current status and preservation of TRA diesel multiple units: hopes for operational preservation dashed]. Rail News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 35 (264): 74–76. ISSN 2073-2163.
  49. ↑ "Yílán wài ào zhàn zìqiáng hào zhuàng yù bàn chē yīsǐ niàn qīng zhòngshāng běi huā xiàn qī bān lièchē tíng shǐ huò yánwù tái tiě yīfǎ jǐyǔ lǚkè péicháng" 宜蘭外澳站自強號撞預拌車一死廿輕重傷　北花線七班列車停駛或延　誤臺鐵依法給予旅客賠償 [Tze-Chiang collides with concrete mixer at Yilan's Waiao Station, one dead, twenty injured; seven trains on North-Hualien Line cancelled or delayed; TRA compensates passengers in accordance with law]. Central Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). March 28, 1997. p. 8.
  50. ↑ 金武鳳; 白錫鏗 (August 10, 2002). "Zìqiáng hào chūguǐ wàn yú réncì lǚkè shòu yǐngxiǎng tái tiě xī gànxiàn jiāotōng zhōngduàn zhàn fāng jǐnjí diàopài 18 liàng gōngchē jiē bó jīntiān kě huīfù tōngchē" 自強號出軌 萬餘人次旅客受影響　台鐵西幹線交通中斷 站方緊急調派18輛公車接駁 今天可恢復通車 [Tze-Chiang derailment affects over 10,000 passengers; TRA Western Line traffic interrupted, station dispatches 18 buses for shuttle service; service to resume today]. 聯合報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. 17.
  51. ↑ 曾鴻儒 (April 10, 2009). "Zìqiáng hào hǎnjiàn shāo zhóu kǎ tiědào wù liù lièchē" 自強號罕見燒軸 卡鐵道誤六列車 [Rare hot axlebox on Tze-Chiang delays six trains]. Liberty Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  52. ↑ 許俊偉 (April 10, 2009). "Hǎnjiàn shāo zhóu zìqiáng hào bàntú 'guà diǎn'" 罕見燒軸 自強號半途「掛點」 [Rare hot axlebox; Tze-Chiang "breaks down" en route]. China Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. C3.
  53. ↑ 林和生 (April 6, 2010). "Lǚkè qiào tái tiě 'wéijī chǔlǐ zhème chà'" 旅客譙台鐵 「危機處理這麼差」 [Passengers berate TRA: "crisis management this poor"]. China Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. A5.
  54. ↑ 顧美芬 (April 6, 2010). "Tái tiě zìqiáng hào yǐnqíng sōng tuō 3690 míng chéngkè shòu yǐngxiǎng" 台鐵自強號引擎鬆脫 3690名乘客受影響 [TRA Tze-Chiang express engine detachment affects 3,690 passengers] (in Chinese). Newtalk. Archived from the original on September 14, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
  55. ↑ 游婉琪; 張進安; 潘欣中 (August 31, 2013). "Nán huí jīnghún zìqiáng hào zhuàng tǔshíliú chēxiāng chūguǐ kùn suìdào 12 shāng" 南迴驚魂 自強號撞土石流 車廂出軌困隧道 12傷 [South Link scare: Tze-Chiang hits debris flow, cars derail and are trapped in tunnel, 12 injured]. United Evening News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. A1.
  56. ↑ 侯俐安; 徐庭揚; 王思慧 (June 23, 2016). "Zìqiáng hào huālián fānchē guǐdào 'duàn dé tài jǐ'" 自強號花蓮翻車 軌道「斷得太擠」 [Tze-Chiang derails in Hualien; track "breaks too close together"]. United Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. A9.
  57. ↑ 陳心瑜 (September 19, 2022). "Tái tiě táidōng =huālián duō chǔ guǐdào cuò qū, qiào qǐ quánxiàn fù shǐ wèizhīshù" 台鐵台東=花蓮多處軌道挫曲、翹起 全線復駛未知數 [TRA Taitung–Hualien track buckled and uplifted at multiple points; full-line resumption uncertain]. Liberty Times. Archived from the original on September 18, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  58. ↑ 吳姿賢 (September 18, 2022). "Huālián dōng lǐ zhàn yuè tái bēngtān yā dào zìqiáng hào tái tiě: Chē nèi yǒu 20 míng lǚkè" 花蓮東里站月台崩坍壓到自強號 台鐵：車內有20名旅客 [Hualien Dongli Station platform canopy collapses onto Tze-Chiang train; TRA: 20 passengers inside]. United Daily News. Taipei. Archived from the original on September 18, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2022.

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