Datia State

Datia State
Princely state of British India
Coat of arms
Datia State in the Imperial Gazetteer of India
General view of Datia in 1880s
Area
• 1891	5,500 km2 (2,100 sq mi)
Population
• 1891	186,440
Government
• Type	Absolute Monarchy
Ruler
• 1626–1656	Rao Bhagwan Rao (first)
• 1907–1948	Govind Singh (last)
History
• Established	1626
• Joined Vindhya Pradesh	4 April 1948
• Accession to the Union of India	1 January 1950
• Merged into Madhya Pradesh	1 November 1956
Succeeded by India
Today part of	India

Datia State was a princely state in subsidiary alliance with British Raj. The state was administered as part of the Bundelkhand Agency of the Central India Agency. The rulers of Datia ranked second among the Bundela chiefs, after Orchha. They bore the titles of Maharaja and were entitled to a hereditary 15 gun salute.

Datia was one of the only three in Bundelkhand, with Orchha and Samthar, whose relations with the British rested on treaty rather than grant. The state maintained its own army, coinage and postal service. After Indian independence it acceded to the Dominion of India and was merged into Vindhya Pradesh, and its territory now forms Datia district of Madhya Pradesh.

Geography

Datia lay in the extreme north-west of Bundelkhand, close to Gwalior. Its territory was not compact but was broken up by enclaves belonging to Gwalior and other states. It was bounded:

• On the north by Gwalior State and the Jalaun State;

• On the south by Gwalior and the Jhansi State;

• On the east by Samthar and the Jhansi district;

• On the west by Gwalior.

The state occupied a level plain between the Sind and Betwa rivers. The only rivers of importance were the Sind and its tributary the Pahuj. The underlying rock was mostly gneiss, typical of Bundelkhand. A small gneiss ridge at Sonagir, about five miles from Datia town, is crowned by more than a hundred Jain temples.

Pre-Colonial Era

Foundation

Datia had been part of the Orchha Kingdom. In 1626 Vir Singh Deo, the ruler of Orchha and close ally of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, granted the territory of Datia and Baroni to his son Bhagwan Rao. The original grant was later considerably enlarged, both by conquest and by grants from the Mughal emperors, at its peak, the princely state of Datia encompassed most of the country bounded by the Chambal river to the north, and the Betwa and Sindh river to the east and west.

Mughal Period

Bhagwan Rao died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son, Subha Karan, who had served with distinction in the Mughal campaigns in Balkh and Badakhshan (1646-1653) and later, during the war of succession among Shah Jahan sons, he sided with the future Emperor Aurangzeb. He died in 1683.

His successor Rao Dalpat Rao was one of Aurangzeb's trusted commanders in theDeccan. He played a key part in the 1698 capture of Jinji fort and was one of the commanders at the Siege of Wagingera. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707. Dalpat Rao supported Prince Muhammad Azam Shah in the subsequent war of succession. He was ultimately killed at the Battle of Jajau in June 1707. Rao Ram Chandra then ruled until 1733.

Succession Disputes and Maratha Period

When Ram Chandra died in 1733 there was a fight on who should be the next ruler. The matter was taken to the Raja of Orchha, who decided in favor of Rao Indrajit, a great grandson of Ram Chandra. A local Gujar leader named Naune Sah also supported Indrajit; his son Madan Singh was later given the fort of Samthar and the title of Rajdhar. Madan's family later became rulers of Samthar State.

Rao Indrajit Singh was succeeded by Rao Shatrujit in 1762. Following Shatrujit's accession Datia faced immense military pressure from expanding Maratha Empire, leading Shatrujit to intervene in regional conflicts until he was killed defending his allies at the Battle of Seondha in 1801.

Colonial Era to Integration

British Suzerainty

In 1801 Rao Parichhat Singh became ruler. After the British defeated the Marathas in the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Parichhat signed a treaty of alliance and protection with the East India Company in 1804. Datia was ons of the only three Bundelkhand states (along with Orchha and Samthar) that had a full treaty with the British. In 1818 the British gave Rao Parichhat a extra territory including the (fort of Indargarh) as a reward for helping keep order. In 1820, the ruler of Datia was recognized with the hereditary title of Raja. Raja Parichhat Bahadur Singh had no son, so in 1826 he adopted a boy named Bijai Bahadur Singh. Some local nobles (the Thakurs of Baroni) opposed this, but the British supported the adoption.

Bijai Bahadur Singh succeeded Parichhat Singh as Raja and ruled Datia from 1839 until his death in 1857. Because he left no legitimate heir, he was succeeded by Bhawani Singh, an eleven year old boy of Bhasnai family. There was a short rebellion by a rival claimant but it was put down.

The succession happened at the same time as the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The Rani of Jhansi complained that Datia had taken some of her land, and when British forces under Sir Hugh Rose besieged Jhansi State, Datia stationed two to three thousand men along the border with Jhansi. Following the rebellion, the British upheld Bhawani Singh's succession, and in 1869 Datia was granted a hereditary 15 gun salute and the formal, elevated hereditary title of Maharaja for its rulers in 1865, while also receiving absolute protection from Imperial expansion. Under the Company's aggressive Doctrine of Lapse.

Regency and ministerial government

During the early year of Maharaja Bhawani Singh's reign, the state was administered by a regency of the late Raja's widows. The senior Rani acted as regent until her death in 1858 and the second Rani then succeeded her. Datia was later placed under British superintendence for the rest of the minority. The factional rivalries re-emerged once Bhawani Singh assumed power. In 1870-71 the Political Agent, Dr. Stratton, visited Datia to restore order. He reported that the Maharaja's ministers had little real authority and that the administration lacked system.. By 1874-75 the reforms of the superintendence largely lasped. The state's debt equalled a year's revenue, and salaries were in arrears.

Several Dewans held office in the following years, Rao Bahadur Piareyjoo, a Thakur and near relative of the Maharaja, died in 1875–76. He was aware of the decline in the state's administration and regretted it, but in his later years, his authority had become largely nominal. He was succeeded by Dewan Munnu Lall, who manged the finances cautiously but was unable to reduce the states's debt. He fell ill for several months in 1877–78 and died in office in 1878.

The Maharaja then appointed his personal priest, the Gosain Gharib Dass, as Dewan. Few people could meet the Maharaja privately without him, and he was usually present when they did. Although the Durbar contained able and experienced officers, business became concentrated in the Dewan's hands. The British initially doubted him because he had no administrative training. His ministry nevertheless restored the state's finances. Expenditure was kept within income, old debts were cleared, and a long-pending claim of one and a half lakh rupees was settled. His ministry also undertook the repair of the Sita Sagar, the main reservoir supplying the city, which had silted up and leaked. By 1884–85 the state's affairs were almost entirely managed by him and his disciple Janki Pershad, whom he had appointed as Sikhdar. Gharib Dass remained in office until his death in December 1891. He was succeeded by Sikhdar Janki Pershad as Dewan.

Famine of (1896–97)

Datia had experienced famine or scarcity earlier in the century, notably in 1812 and 1837. The famine of 1897 was the most serious in its recorded history and affected the entire population. It formed a part of a wider famine in Bundelkhand. The Political Agent advised the chiefs to prepare for scarcity and visited Datia in November 1896. Grain was available within the state, but distributing it to those in need proved difficult. The Durbar opened relief works and provided charitable relief to the destitute, at a total cost of about Rs. 7 lakh. Forests were opened so that villagers could collect firewood and grass free of charge, and forest dues were reduced.

In the New Year Honours of January 1898 Bhawani Singh was appointed a (KCSI) in recognition of his management of the famine. His Diwan, Janki Pershad, received the title of Rao Bahadur.

The last ruler (1907–1948)

Maharaja Bhawani Singh died in 1907, in his sixty-second year, after a reign of nearly fifty years. Maharaja Govind Singh, born in 1886, succeeded his father in 1907 at the age of about twenty-one. The Diwan's post, vacant since the death of Rao Bahadur Janki Pershad, was given to Rai Bahadur Maharaj Narain Sheopuri.

The administration deteriorated in the early years of the reign of Govind Singh. The 1977 District Gazetteer records widespread complaints of oppression and insecurity of life and property, and says the state gained a reputation for corruption and misrule. Between 1901 and 1911 Datia's population fell by about one-seventh, while the populations of the neighbouring districts and states increased. On 19 November 1911 the Government of India deprived Govind Singh of his ruling powers. However after a period of administrative training at Ajmer, Govind Singh was allowed to return to Datia on 31 July 1914.

The Ainuddin affair and People's movement (1943–1946)

In 1943 the Political Department of the Government of India appointed Khan Bahadur Sayed Ainuddin as Dewan of Datia. The Maharaja, Govind Singh, protested against the appointment, later describing the Dewan as having been "thrust on" him. Because the Political Department had made the appointment, the Maharaja could not remove Ainuddin without its consent. Ainuddin's administration soon became the target of public opposition, which grew over the following three years. His critics, led by the Datia Rajya Praja Mandal, accused him of opposing the movement for responsible government and of encouraging communal division. He was said to have helped establish a state branch of the Muslim League and a Scheduled Caste Federation. His opponents saw these as attempts to divide support for the Praja Mandal.

In November 1946, in line with public opinion, the Maharaja removed Ainuddin from office. The Resident for the Central India States, Sir Walter Campbell intervened to reinstate him, on the grounds that the Maharaja had acted without the Resident's consent. He reportedly threatened to deprive the ruler of his powers. The Resident's intervention turned a local dispute into a state-wide protest. A general strike (hartal) was declared. Markets and schools closed, and a large number of state employees resigned. On 12 November government employees struck again, closing government and municipal offices and the courts. In mid-November about 5,000 women of Datia reportedly threatened to leave the state for British India unless Ainuddin was removed. Local leaders appealed to Jawaharlal Nehru, who wrote to the Political Department asking why a Dewan was being forced on Datia against the wishes of both its ruler and its people. The British at last gave way. On 4 December 1946 Dewan Ainuddin was dismissed.

Accession to Union of India

Following Indian independence in August 1947, Maharaja Govind Singh acceded to the Dominion of India. Through the efforts of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Datia was then merged with the other princely states of Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand to form the United States of Vindhya Pradesh, which was inaugurated on 4 April 1948. In 1956, Vindhya Pradesh state was merged with certain other areas to form the state of Madhya Pradesh within the Union of India.

Rulers

Heads of the family in the Republic Of India

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• 1947 – 1951: Govind Singh Judeo
• 1951 – 1978: Balbhadra Singh Judeo
• 1978 – 2006: Kishan Singh Judeo
• 2006 – 2020: Rajendra Singh Judeo
• 2020 – present: Arunaditya Singh Judeo

Prime Ministers

• 1876 – 178: Munoo Lall
• 1878 – 1891: Gosain Gharib Dass
• 1891 – 1907: Rao Bahadur Janki Pershad
• 1907 – 1911: Rai Bahadur Pandit Maharaj Narain Sheopuri
• 1922 – 1939: Khan Bahadur Qazi Sir Azizuddin Ahmed
• 1943 – 1946: Khan Bahadur Sayed Ainuddin

Postal/Philatelic Information

From 1893, there were primitive stamps bearing both the names 'DUTTIA STATE' and 'DATIA STATE'. The first issue is among the rarest of all Indian princely state stamps. A total of 29 series of stamps were issued until 1920. From 1921 only Indian Stamps were valid.

See also

• Datia District
• Datia Palace

References

External links

• Media related to Datia State at Wikimedia Commons

25°41′N 78°28′E / 25.683°N 78.467°E / 25.683; 78.467