Voiced dental and alveolar implosives

Voiced dental implosive
Voiced dental implosive
ɗ̪

Voiced alveolar implosive
Voiced alveolar implosive
ɗ
IPA number	162
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɗ
Unicode (hex)	U+0257
X-SAMPA	d_<
Braille
Image

A voiced alveolar implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɗ ⟩. The IPA symbol is lowercase letter d with a rightward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter.

A voiced dental implosive may be found in the Jhangvi dialect of Punjabi and has the symbol ⟨ɗ̪⟩.

Features

Features of a voiced alveolar implosive:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.

Occurrence

Alveolar

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Cia-Cia	아티 / Adhi	[aɗi]	'Adi'	Adi is a name.
Ega	[ɗá]		'hide'
Fula	ɗiɗi/𞤯𞤭𞤯𞤭 / ﻃِﻂِ	[ɗiɗi]	'two'
Goemai	ḍal	[ɗal]	'to swallow'
Hausa	ɗaiɗai / طَﯿْﻄَﯽْ	[ɗei̯ɗei̯]	'one at a time'
Jamaican Patois	dem	[ɗem]	'them'	Allophone of /d/ in the onset of prominent syllables.
Kalabari	ḍa	[ɗà]	'father'
Karajá	ti	[ɗi]	'bone'
Khmer	ដប់/dáb	[ɗɑp]	'ten'
Konso	bad	[ɓaɗ]	'to hide'
Kwaza	deda	[ɗe'ɗa]	'snake'	Analyzed as /d/.
Mono	ku‘da	[kūɗā]	'debt'
Ongota	[ɡaːɗa]		'dull'
Parkari Koli	واۮۯون	[vaːɗaɭuːn]	' clouds
Paumarí	'bo'da	[ɓoɗa]	'old'
Serer	biɗ / ﺑِﻂْ	[biɗ]	'flower'	Contrasts /ɓ̥, ɗ̥, ʄ̊, ɓ, ɗ, ʄ/.
Sindhi	ڏر	[ɗarʊ]	'crevice'
Shona	kudada	[kuɗaɗa]	'prideful and pompous'
Tera	ɗana	[ɗàna]	'to talk'
Tukang Besi	[piɗi]		'rubbish'
Vietnamese	đuôi	[ɗuəj]	'tail'	See Vietnamese phonology.
Wadiyara Koli	^{[example needed]}			Contrasts /ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ/.
Wambule	डि॒	[ɗi]	'name'
Standard Zhuang	nda	[ɗa]	'set'

Dental

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Jhangvi dialect	^{[example needed]}

Notes

1 2 Shackle (1976:23); Bahl (1936:28)
↑ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
↑ Devonish & Harry (2004:456)
↑ Harry (2003:113)
↑ Orkaydo, Ongaye Oda (2013). A Grammar of Konso. p. 11.
↑ Voort, Hein van der (2008-08-22), A Grammar of Kwaza, De Gruyter Mouton, doi:10.1515/9783110197280, ISBN 978-3-11-019728-0, retrieved 2024-03-13
↑ Olson (2004:233)
↑ Everett (2003:23)
↑ Mc Laughlin (2005:100)
↑ Tench (2007:228)
↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)

References

Bahl, Parmanand (1936), Étude de phonetique historique et experimentale des consonnes injectives du Multani, dialecte panjabi occidental, Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve
Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
Devonish, Hubert; Harry, Otelamate G. (2004), "Jamaican phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, phonology, vol. 1, Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 441–471
Everett, Daniel L. (2003), "Iambic Feet in Paumari and the Theory of Foot Structure", Linguistic Discovery, 2 (1), doi:10.1349/ps1.1537-0852.a.263, ISSN 1537-0852
Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 113–120, doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X
Keer, Edward (1999), Geminates, The OCP and The Nature of CON, Rutgers University
Mc Laughlin, Fiona (2005), "Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 201–214, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002215, S2CID 145717014
Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
Shackle, Christopher (1976), The Siraiki language of central Pakistan: a reference grammar, London: School of Oriental and African Studies
Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232

External links

List of languages with [ɗ] on PHOIBLE

[Jhangvi-1] 1 2 Shackle (1976:23); Bahl (1936:28)

[2] Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)

[3] Devonish & Harry (2004:456)

[4] Harry (2003:113)

[5] Orkaydo, Ongaye Oda (2013). A Grammar of Konso. p. 11.

[6] Voort, Hein van der (2008-08-22), A Grammar of Kwaza, De Gruyter Mouton, doi:10.1515/9783110197280, ISBN 978-3-11-019728-0, retrieved 2024-03-13

[7] Olson (2004:233)

[8] Everett (2003:23)

[9] Mc Laughlin (2005:100)

[10] Tench (2007:228)

[11] Thompson (1959:458–461)