Haemaphysalis Genus of ticks
Haemaphysalis hard ticks . It is the second largest genus in the family Ixodidae , after Ixodes Haemaphysalis ticks are found on all continents and across all major zoogeographical regions , except Antarctica , although most species are found in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions. Approximately 80% of the species are present in Asia and Africa, with significantly less species diversity in Europe and the Americas . Haemaphysalis species primarily parasitise birds and mammals .
Description
Haemaphysalis are very small, elliptical ticks. They are best distinguished by the significant lateral salience on palpal article II, which extends beyond the margin of the basis capitulum. They are eyeless, with short mouthparts.
Taxonomy
Haemaphysalis contains 170 species distributed across 8 subgenera (Aboimisalis , Aborphysalis , Allophysalis , Haemaphysalis , Herpetobia , Kaiseriana , Ornithophysalis , Segalia ) although the phylogeny of the genus is unresolved, with most subgenera being polyphyletic . The former subgenera Alloceraea Sharifiella
Ixodidae cladogram after Barker et al., (2024)
Species
Haemaphysalis aborensis Warburton, 1913 Haemaphysalis aciculifer Warburton, 1913 Haemaphysalis aculeata Lavarra, 1904 Haemaphysalis adleri Feldman-Muhsam, 1951 Haemaphysalis anomala Warburton, 1913 Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea Teng, 1984 Haemaphysalis anoplos Hoogstraal, Uilenberg & Klein, 1967 Haemaphysalis asiatica (Supino, 1897) Haemaphysalis atheruri Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965 Haemaphysalis bancrofti Nuttall & Warburton, 1915 Haemaphysalis bandicota Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1965 Haemaphysalis bartelsi Schulze, 1938 Haemaphysalis bequaerti Hoogstraal, 1956 Haemaphysalis birmaniae Supino, 1897 Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann, 1897 Haemaphysalis bochkovi Apanaskevich & Tomlinson, 2019 Haemaphysalis borneata Hoogstraal, 1971 Haemaphysalis bremneri Roberts, 1963 Haemaphysalis burkinae Apanaskevich & Tomlinson, 2019 Haemaphysalis calcarata Neumann, 1902 Haemaphysalis calva Nuttall & Warburton, 1915 Haemaphysalis camicasi Tomlinson & Apanaskevich, 2019 Haemaphysalis campanulata Warburton, 1908 Haemaphysalis canestrinii (Supino, 1897) Haemaphysalis capricornis Hoogstraal, 1966 Haemaphysalis caucasica Olenev, 1928 Haemaphysalis celebensis Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965 Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard, 1869) Haemaphysalis cinnabarina Koch, 1844 Haemaphysalis colesbergensis Apanaskevich & Horak, 2008 Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, 1844 Haemaphysalis cooleyi Bedford, 1929 Haemaphysalis cornigera Neumann, 1897 Haemaphysalis cornupunctata Hoogstraal & Varma, 1962 Haemaphysalis cuspidata Warburton, 1910 Haemaphysalis dangi Phan Trong, 1977 Haemaphysalis danieli Černý & Hoogstraal, 1977 Haemaphysalis darjeeling Hoogstraal & Dhanda, 1970 Haemaphysalis davisi Hoogstraal, Dhanda & Bhat, 1970 Haemaphysalis demidovae Emel'yanova, 1978 Haemaphysalis doenitzi Warburton & Nuttall, 1909 Haemaphysalis elliptica (Koch, 1844) Haemaphysalis elongata Neumann, 1897 Haemaphysalis erinacei Pavesi, 1884 Haemaphysalis eupleres Hoogstraal, Kohls & Trapido, 1965 Haemaphysalis filippovae Bolotin, 1979 Haemaphysalis flava Neumann, 1897 Haemaphysalis formosensis Neumann, 1913 Haemaphysalis fossae Hoogstraal, 1953 Haemaphysalis fujisana Kitaoka, 1970 Haemaphysalis galidiae Apanaskevich & Goodman, 2020 Haemaphysalis garhwalensis Dhanda & Bhat, 1968 Haemaphysalis mariae Apanaskevich, 2024 Haemaphysalis goral Hoogstraal, 1970 Haemaphysalis grochovskajae Kolonin, 1992 Haemaphysalis heinrichi Schulze, 1939 Haemaphysalis hirsuta Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1966 Haemaphysalis hispanica Gil Collado, 1938 Haemaphysalis hoodi Warburton & Nuttall, 1909 Haemaphysalis hoogstraali Kohls, 1950 Haemaphysalis horaki Apanaskevich & Tomlinson, 2019 Haemaphysalis houyi Nuttall & Warburton, 1915 Haemaphysalis howletti Warburton, 1913 Haemaphysalis humerosa Warburton & Nuttall, 1909 Haemaphysalis hylobatis Schulze, 1933 Haemaphysalis hyracophila Hoogstraal, Walker & Neitz, 1971 Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 Haemaphysalis indica Warburton, 1910 Haemaphysalis indoflava Dhanda & Bhat, 1968 Haemaphysalis intermedia Warburton & Nuttall, 1909 Haemaphysalis japonica Warburton, 1908 Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946 Haemaphysalis kadarsani Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1977 Haemaphysalis kashmirensis Hoogstraal & Varma, 1962 Haemaphysalis kinneari Warburton, 1913 Haemaphysalis knobigera Prakasan & Ramani, 2007 Haemaphysalis koningsbergeri Warburton & Nuttall, 1909 Haemaphysalis kopetdaghica Kerbabaev, 1962 Haemaphysalis kumaonensis Geevarghese & Mishra, 2011 Haemaphysalis kutchensis Hoogstraal & Trapido, 1963 Haemaphysalis kyasanurensis Trapido, Hoogstraal & Rajagopalan, 1964 Haemaphysalis lagostrophi Roberts, 1963 Haemaphysalis lagrangei Larrousse, 1925 Haemaphysalis laocayensis Phan Trong, 1977 Haemaphysalis leachi (Audouin, 1826) Haemaphysalis lemuris Hoogstraal, 1953 Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard, 1869) Haemaphysalis lobachovi Kolonin, 1995 Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901 Haemaphysalis luzonensis Hoogstraal & Parrish, 1968 Haemaphysalis madagascariensis Colas-Belcour & Millot, 1948 Haemaphysalis mageshimaensis Saito & Hoogstraal, 1973 Haemaphysalis megalaimae Rajagopalan, 1963 Haemaphysalis megaspinosa Saito, 1969 Haemaphysalis menglaensis Pang, Chen & Xiang, 1982 Haemaphysalis minuta Kohls, 1950 Haemaphysalis mjoebergi Warburton, 1926 Haemaphysalis montgomeryi Nuttall, 1912 Haemaphysalis moreli Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1972 Haemaphysalis moschisuga Teng, 1980 Haemaphysalis muhsamae Santos Dias, 1954 Haemaphysalis nadchatrami Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965 Haemaphysalis nepalensis Hoogstraal, 1962 Haemaphysalis nesomys Hoogstraal, Uilenberg & Klein, 1966 Haemaphysalis norvali Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1983 Haemaphysalis novaeguineae Hirst, 1914 Haemaphysalis obesa Larrousse, 1925 Haemaphysalis obtusa Dönitz, 1910 Haemaphysalis oliveri Apanaskevich & Horak, 2008 Haemaphysalis orientalis Nuttall & Warburton, 1915 Haemaphysalis ornithophila Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1959 Haemaphysalis palawanensis Kohls, 1950 Haemaphysalis papuana Thorell, 1883 Haemaphysalis paraleachi Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1983 Haemaphysalis paraturturis Hoogstraal, Trapido & Rebello, 1963 Haemaphysalis parmata Neumann, 1905 Haemaphysalis parva Neumann, 1897 Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi Pospelova-Shtrom , 1935Haemaphysalis pedetes Hoogstraal, 1972 Haemaphysalis pentalagi Pospelova-Shtrom , 1935Haemaphysalis petrogalis Roberts, 1970 Haemaphysalis phasiana Saito, Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1974 Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae Hoogstraal, 1966 Haemaphysalis princeps Tomlinson & Apanaskevich, 2019 Haemaphysalis psalistos Hoogstraal, Kohls & Parrish, 1967 Haemaphysalis punctaleachi Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1973 Haemaphysalis punctata Canestrini & Fanzago, 1878 Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis Teng, 1980 Haemaphysalis quadriaculeata Kolonin, 1992 Haemaphysalis ramachandrai Dhanda, Hoogstraal & Bhat, 1970 Haemaphysalis ratti Kohls, 1948 Haemaphysalis renschi Schulze, 1933 Haemaphysalis roubaudi Toumanoff, 1940 Haemaphysalis rugosa Santos Dias, 1956 Haemaphysalis rusae Kohls, 1950 Haemaphysalis sambar Hoogstraal, 1971 Haemaphysalis sciuri Kohls, 1950 Haemaphysalis semermis Neumann, 1901 Haemaphysalis shimoga Trapido & Hoogstraal, 1964 Haemaphysalis silacea Robinson, 1912 Haemaphysalis silvafelis Hoogstraal & Trapido, 1963 Haemaphysalis simplex Neumann, 1897 Haemaphysalis simplicima Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1979 Haemaphysalis sinensis Zhang, 1981 Haemaphysalis spinigera Neumann, 1897 Haemaphysalis spinulosa Neumann, 1906 Haemaphysalis subelongata Hoogstraal, 1953 Haemaphysalis subterra Hoogstraal, El Kammah & Camicas, 1992 Haemaphysalis sulcata Canestrini & Fanzago, 1878 Haemaphysalis sumatraensis Hoogstraal, El Kammah, Kadarsan & Anastos, 1971 Haemaphysalis sundrai Sharif, 1928 Haemaphysalis suntzovi Kolonin, 1993 Haemaphysalis susphilippensis Hoogstraal, Kohls & Parrish, 1968 Haemaphysalis taiwana Sugimoto, 1936 Haemaphysalis tauffliebi Morel, 1965 Haemaphysalis tibetensis Hoogstraal, 1965 Haemaphysalis tiptoni Hoogstraal, 1953 Haemaphysalis toxopei Warburton, 1927 Haemaphysalis traguli Oudemans, 1928 Haemaphysalis traubi Kohls, 1955 Haemaphysalis turturis Nuttall & Warburton, 1915 Haemaphysalis vasilisae Apanaskevich, 2025 Haemaphysalis verticalis Itagaki, Noda & Yamaguchi, 1944 Haemaphysalis vidua Warburton & Nuttall, 1909 Haemaphysalis vietnamensis Hoogstraal & Wilson, 1966 Haemaphysalis walkerae Apanaskevich & Tomlinson, 2019 Haemaphysalis warburtoni Nuttall, 1912 Haemaphysalis wellingtoni Nuttall & Warburton, 1908 Haemaphysalis yeni Toumanoff, 1944 Haemaphysalis zumpti Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1974
Notes
↑ Camicas et al. (1998) list as synonym of H. shimoga H. taiwana ↑ This taxon is dubious - it has been extensively confused and synonymised with Haemaphysalis chordeilis Haemaphysalis punctata H. cinnaberina [sic]. ↑ This species is known in Japanese literature as Haemaphysalis ias Nakamura & Yajima, 1937 ↑ Possibly abnormal form of H. concinna (Kolonin 2009) ↑ Taxon is ill-defined, and only considered provisionally valid. ↑ Possible synonym of H. doenitzi (Kolonin, 2009) ↑ Treated as synonym of H. taiwana ↑ This taxon seems to have highly variable morphology, making it difficult to identify. Different authors depict profound differences in morphology across redescriptions, suggesting it may in fact be a species complex. ↑ Kolonin (2009) treats as a synonym of H. kinneari
References
↑ Guglielmone, Alberto A; Petney, Trevor N; Robbins, Richard G (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019" Zootaxa 4871 (1). Auckland : Magnolia Press : 1– 322. doi :10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1 . eISSN 1175-5326 . ISBN 978-1-77688-088-1 OCLC 8837433568 . PMID 33311340 . {{cite journal }}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link )↑ Koch, C.L. (1844) Systematische Übersicht über die Ordnung der Zecken. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 10, 217–239. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.29560 ↑ Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Nava, Santiago; Robbins, Richard G. (2021). Neotropical Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) doi :10.1007/978-3-030-72353-8 . ISBN 978-3-030-72352-1 ↑ Mehlhorn, Heinz (2016), "Haemaphysalis Species" Encyclopedia of Parasitology , Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1198– 1200, doi :10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_1366 , ISBN 978-3-662-43978-4 , retrieved 2025-10-05 ↑ Barker, Stephen; Barker, Dayana (2023). Ticks of Australasia: 125 species of ticks in and around Australia . Auckland, New Zealand: Zootaxa, Magnolia Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-77688-700-2 ↑ Guglielmone, Alberto A; Petney, Trevor N; Robbins, Richard G (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019" Zootaxa 4871 (1). Auckland : Magnolia Press : 1– 322. doi :10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1 . eISSN 1175-5326 . ISBN 978-1-77688-088-1 OCLC 8837433568 . PMID 33311340 . {{cite journal }}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link )↑ Kelava, Samuel; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Shao, Renfu; Gofton, Alexander W.; Mans, Ben J.; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Norval, Gerrut; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (June 2024). "Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus" . Medical and Veterinary Entomology . 38 (2): 189– 204. doi :10.1111/mve.12708 ISSN 0269-283X . PMID 38469668 . ↑ Kelava, Samuel; Mans, Ben J.; Shao, Renfu; Barker, Dayana; Teo, Ernest J.M.; Chatanga, Elisha; Gofton, Alexander W.; Moustafa, Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (March 2023). "Seventy-eight entire mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes provide insight into the phylogeny of the hard ticks, particularly the Haemaphysalis species, Africaniella transversale and Robertsicus elaphensis" . Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases . 14 (2) 102070. doi :10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102070 . hdl :2263/93967 PMID 36455382 . ↑ Kelava, Samuel; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Shao, Renfu; Gofton, Alexander W.; Mans, Ben J.; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Norval, Gerrut; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (2024). "Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus" . Medical and Veterinary Entomology . 38 (2): 189– 204. doi :10.1111/mve.12708 ISSN 0269-283X . PMID 38469668 . ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Greiman, Stephen E.; Goodman, Steven M.; Apanaskevich, Maria A.; Ahmed, Rokeya; Barker, Stephen C. (2025-04-29). "Validation of Sharifiella Santos Dias, 1958 (Acari: Ixodidae) as a genus of hard ticks containing S. theilerae (Hoogstraal, 1953), a parasite of tail-less tenrec, Tenrec ecaudatus (Schreber) (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae) on Madagascar" Zootaxa . 5627 (3): 503– 525. doi :10.11646/zootaxa.5627.3.5 . ISSN 1175-5334 . ↑ Barker, Stephen C.; Kelava, Samuel; Mans, Ben J.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Seeman, Owen D.; Gofton, Alexander; Shao, Renfu; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Evasco, Kimberley L.; Soennichsen, Kari F.; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo (2024-02-12). "The first cryptic genus of Ixodida, Cryptocroton n. gen. for Amblyomma papuanum Hirst, 1914: a tick of North Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea" Zootaxa . 5410 (1): 91– 111. doi :10.11646/zootaxa.5410.1.5 . ISSN 1175-5334 . 1 2 3 4 Dmitry Apanaskevich and Jackson A. Tomlinson. 2019. Description of four new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) from the H . (Rhipistoma ) spinulosa subgroup, parasites of carnivores and rodents in Africa. Systematic Parasitology https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11230-019-09875-7 . ↑ Dmitry Apanaskevich and Steven M. Goodman. 2020. Description of a new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) from the H . (Rhipistoma ) asiatica subgroup, parasite of an endemic Malagasy carnivoran (Carnivora: Eupleridae). Systematic Parasitology , 97: 591–599; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11230-020-09943-3 , DOI: 10.1007/s11230-020-09943-3. ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2024-07-26). "Description of a new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of hares and rabbits (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) in Texas, Oklahoma and Colorado (USA), that was misidentified as H. leporispalustris (Packard, 1869) for more than a century" Zootaxa . 5486 (3): 435– 450. doi :10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.6 . ISSN 1175-5334 . PMID 39646825 . ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2025-09-08). "Description of a new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), an ornate parasite of birds in Florida, South Carolina and Texas (USA), and redescription of all parasitic stages of H. chordeilis (Packard, 1869)" Zootaxa . 5691 (1): 45– 74. doi :10.11646/zootaxa.5691.1.2 . ISSN 1175-5334 .
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