Japanese conjugation, like the conjugation of verbs of many other languages, allows verbs to be morphologically modified to change their meaning or grammatical function. In Japanese, the beginning of a word (the stem) is preserved during conjugation, while the ending of the word is altered in some way to change the meaning (this is the inflectional suffix). Japanese verb conjugations are independent of person, number and gender (they do not depend on whether the subject is I, you, he, she, we, etc.); the conjugated forms can express meanings such as negation, present and past tense, volition, passive voice, causation, imperative and conditional mood, and ability. There are also special forms for conjunction with other verbs, and for combination with particles for additional meanings.
Japanese verbs have agglutinating properties: some of the conjugated forms are themselves conjugable verbs (or i-adjectives), which can result in several suffixes being strung together in a single verb form to express a combination of meanings.
A revision sheet visually summarizing the conjugations and uses described below
Conjugable words (verbs, i‑adjectives, and na‑adjectives) are traditionally considered to have six possible conjugational stems or bases (活用形, katsuyōkei; literally "conjugation forms"). This article lists those from the negative base (未然形, mizenkei), as well as the tentative base (推量形/意思形, suiryōkei/ishikei) that was split off during the post‑WWII spelling reforms.
Hortative
The hortative or volitional expresses the speaker's or speakers' personal or collective volition ("I think I will do it", "we think we will do it"), or invitation to others ("let's do it"), to do something. The same form, otherwise known as the tentative, conjectural or presumptive, expresses subjective speculation ("I think/presume that's the case") or supposition ("perhaps that's the case", "that could be the case"). The tentative meanings are increasingly outdated as later generations of speakers favor using darō, deshō, or de gozaimashō as less ambiguous tentative markers (more in the subsection below).
Hortative form example sentences
English
Japanese
Function
I'll put off this task for later.
Sono shigoto wa atomawashi ni shiyō (その仕事は後回しにしよう)
personal volition ("I'll/'m going to do it")
I'll overlook your mistake this time.
Konkai wa anata no machigai o ōme ni miyō (今回はあなたの間違いを大目に見よう)
We do not have the least intention to make up trendy slang.
Ryūkōgo o tsukurō nante ito wa, zenzen nai n desu (流行語を作ろうなんて意図は、全然ないんです)
collective volition ("we'll/'re going to do it")
The fact that man uses machines as tools means that man is to do what machines cannot.
Ningen ga kikai o dōgu to shite tsukau to yū koto wa, kikai ni wa dekin koto o ningen ga yarō to yū wake desu (人間が機械を道具として使うということは、機械にはできんことを人間がやろうというわけです)
It's getting late, let's go home.
Osoi kara kaerō (遅いから帰ろう)
invitation to act together ("let's do it")
Shall we go out for dinner?
Yūshoku o soto de tabeyō ka (夕食を外で食べようか)
There will probably be many objections at the meeting.
Kaigi de wa ōku no hanron ga dasareyō (会議では多くの反論が出されよう)
speculation ("I think it's the case") or supposition ("it might be the case; it's the case, isn't it?")
Any child could do that.
Donna kodomo de mo sore wa dekiyō (どんな子供でもそれはできよう)
"Sure. There are three 'will it's' in the heavens. Whaat are they?" "Ha ha ha. Easy. I learnt this in first grade. Are they 'will it shine,' 'will it rain' and 'will it cloud'?"
"Yōshi. Ten ni mittsu no rō ka ga arimasu. Nan to nan to nān da." "Hahaha. Sonna no kantansa. Gakkō de ichinensei ni oshieta koto ga aru. Terō ka, furō ka, kumorō ka darō." (「よーし。天に三つのろうかがあります。なんとなんとなーんだ。」 「ははは。そんなのかんたんさ。学校で一年生におしえたことがある。照ろうか、降ろうか、くもろうかだろう？」)
and in the middle of the land rose a vast castle that seemed one mile long, with a row of awesome columns rising one above another.
Sō shite, kuni no mannaka ni wa, ichi-mairu mo arō ka to omowareru, hiroi oshiro ga sobiete ite, monosugoi hashira no rōka ga, ikutsu mo kasanariatte imashita. (そうして、国のまんなかには、一マイルもあろうかと思われる、ひろいお城がそびえていて、ものすごい柱のろうかが、いくつも重なりあっていました。)
"[…] Once you sublimate your wildly unruly passion into magical power, the flame you summon will surely be beautiful, won't it?"
"[…] Susamajii made no araburu jōnetsu o sono mama maryoku ni shōka sureba, omae ga yobidasu honō wa sazoya utsukushikarō?" (「[…]すさまじいまでの荒ぶる情熱をそのまま魔力に昇華すれば、お前が喚びだす炎はさぞや美しかろう？」)
If Anthony's love had been as egoistic as love generally is, it would have been greater than the egoism of his vanity—or of his generosity, if you like—and all this could not have happened. He would not have hit upon that renunciation at which one does not know whether to grin or shudder. It is true too that then his love would not have fastened itself upon the unhappy daughter of de Barral.
Moshi Antonī no ren'ai ga ippan ni sō de aru kurai rikoteki datta nara, sore wa kyoei no egoizumu ni――arui wa, mā, kandaisa ni――masattarō kara, kono issai wa okinakattarō. Niyatto warō beki na no ka zotto miburui su beki na no ka wakaranai, sonna dannen o omoitsuku koto mo nakattarō. Sono katei de wa, kare no ren'ai ga do Bararu no fukō na musume ni somosomo musubitsukanakattarō to yū no mono shin da. (もしアントニーの恋愛が一般にそうであるくらい利己的だったなら、それは虚栄のエゴイズムに――あるいは、まあ、寛大さに――まさったろうから、この一切は起きなかったろう。にやっと笑うべきなのかぞっと身震いすべきなのかわからない、そんな断念を思いつくこともなかったろう。その仮定では、彼の恋愛がド・バラルの不幸な娘にそもそも結びつかなかったろうというのも真だ。)
I told you not to be rough with them. You are far from being their equal.
Teara na mane wa suru na to itta 'rō Omaetachi ga taitō ni sesshite ii aite de wa nai zo (手荒な真似はするなと言ったろう お前たちが対等に接していい相手ではないぞ)
Hortative: Conjugation table
The so‑called "hortative form" is actually a combination of the mizenkei and the auxiliary う, which underwent systemic historical sound changes that affected all the examples below. These sound changes motivated the term godan ("five grade"), which replaced yodan ("four grade") (see Japanese godan and ichidan verbs §Godan vs yodan). For non‑godan verbs, during the final stage as shown in the table below, the vowels of the original mizenkei, i, e and o, were reintroduced in some dialects, especially eastern ones, which yielded the suffix ‑yō, as in iyō, eyō and koyō. Other dialects, especially western ones, did not undergo this development. Verbs with the vowel i in their stems may retain the forms ending in ‑yū (← ‑iu) in some dialects, hence okyu(u); or gained the normalized ‑yō in other dialects, hence okiyo(o), o(k)kyo(o). Yet other dialects have iro(o), ero(o) and koro(o). For suru in particular, the eastern vowel i is used rather than the western e, hence shiyō rather than seyō, the latter of which is found in some Chūbu dialects. The distributions of forms where the original mizenkei vowels were fused with u (okyū/okyō, akyō, nyō, kō, shō) and forms where the vowels were added back in (okiyō, akeyō, neyō, koyō, shiyō/seyō) are uneven among western dialects, where ichidan‑based forms with fused vowels are less widespread; notably, in Kyoto and Osaka Prefectures, the former capitals with historically prestigious dialects, the fused forms kō and shō are used for the irregular verbs, while the forms with the original vowels are used for ichidan verbs. Compare the three hortatives, only the first of which is distinctly western, in the following example: Oshierareru dake de naku, chan to jibun de benkyō shō. Jibun de jibun no jinsei o kaeyō, ganbarō, to jibun ni muchi o utta. (教えられるだけでなく、ちゃんと自分で勉強しょう。自分で自分の人生を変えよう、頑張ろう、と自分に鞭を打った。; transl.I whipped myself into studying properly, not just being taught; and changing my life on my own and doing my best.)
For ‑masu and desu, the unique shapes of ‑mashō and deshō, as well as of the negative‑masen, suggest their provenance in western polite speech. While ‑masen undoubtedly has eastern counterparts, ‑mashinai/‑mashinē (albeit uncommon, archaic and stereotypical), ‑mashō (ましょう) and deshō (でしょう) do not seem to have any, in spite of such historical spellings as ましよう and でしよう, which appear to be pronounced *‑mashiyō and *deshiyō, but were rather variant spellings of ませう (‑mashō) and でせう (deshō), and in some older publications these spellings were inconsistently interchangeable. In contrast, suru, ‑masu's conjugational relative, has both western and eastern forms, as in sen/shinai/shinē, and shō/shiyō.
Due to the said historical sound changes, all hortative/tentative forms contain the long vowel ō, but it is susceptible to shortening into an o in speech, especially in dialects. In ichidan verbs, shortening results in the hortative/tentative and the imperative sharing the same segments (consonants and vowels), although they can still be distinguished by accent. All hortatives and tentatives are currently accentuated on the start of the ō, as in yobō (呼ぼう; [jòbó(ò)]), yobimashō (呼びましょう; [jòbímáɕó(ò)]), yondarō (呼んだろう; [jòńdáɾó(ò)]), yobanakarō (呼ばなかろう; [jòbánákáɾó(ò)]), etc. Thus the hortative ichidanokiyō (起きよう; [òkíjó(ò)]), akeyō (開けよう; [àkéjó(ò)]) are accentually distinct from the imperative ichidanokiyo (起きよ; [ókìjò]), akeyo (開けよ; [àkéjò]). On the other hand, since all hortatives are accentuated on the ō, ambiguity among themselves can arise, for example in kaō (買おう; 'let's buy', [kàóò], historically unaccentuated as [kàóó]) and kaō (飼おう; 'let's rear', [kàóò]). The western hortative kō ("let's come") also resembles the eastern imperativekō ("come!").
The common form of the hortative/tentative ends in う, but occasionally a classical (thus more elevated) alternative ending in む or ん turns up in modern writing, for example in Wareware wa sono no senkusha taran to suru ikigomi de yaru tsumori na n desu (我々はその先駆者たらんとする意気込みで遣るつもりなんです; transl.We intend to work with the ambition to become the pioneers in that). Both う and ん derive from the earlier む, but through different mechanisms: う is from the loss of a consonant in む, /mu→ũ→u/; while ん is from the loss of a vowel, /mu→N/. Since ん also happens to represent the western negative‑n and the nominalizing particle no, the spelling ikan (行かん) represents either ikanu (行かぬ; 'not go') or ikamu (行かむ; 'let's go'), and shinan (死なん) represents not only shinanu (死なぬ; 'not die') or shinamu (死なむ; 'let's die') but also the noun phrase shi na no (死なの; 'it's that it's death'), the last of which contains the Sino‑Japanese noun shi (死; 'death'). Accentually, verbs whose dictionary forms are accentless can be distinguished, as in [ikaɴ] for "not go" and [ikáɴ] for "let's go"; but verbs whose dictionary forms are accented are ambiguous and context‑dependent, as in [kakáɴ] (kakan (書かん)) for both "not write" and "let's write." It is possible to keep the hortative and negative distinct in writing respectively as ‑n (ん) and ‑nu (ぬ), for example in Ga, seikō no kikai o toraen ni wa, kare wa mata tada ni shizuka ni sono chikaku o ugokasu bakari de naku, sorezore tekitō na jiki ni oite zuibun to daitan ni, hito no yōsu o dokuha seneba ikenu no de aru. (が、成功の機械を捉へんには、彼はまた啻に冷靜にその智覺を働かすばかりでなく、それ〲適當な時機に於て隨分と大膽に、他人の容貌を讀破せねばいけぬのである。; 'He must, however, to have his chance of success, be acutely besides calmly perceptive, a reader of features, audacious at the proper moment.'); or alternatively, by using ‑nai (ない) for the negative instead, as in Mizu ni oboren to suru mono, tasuke no ami o tōzen mono ni zenzaisan o ataen to yakushitari to sen ni, sore wa tōmen no kyōsei jōtai yamu naku yakusoku shita ni hoka naranai ga yue ni sono yakusoku o torikeshite yoroshikaru beku, (水に溺れんとする者、助けの網を投ぜん者に全財產を與へんと約したりとせんに、それは當面の强制狀態己むなく約束したに外ならないが故にその約束を取消して宜しかるべく、; transl.Suppose that a drowning man promises to give all his fortune to whoever willing to cast a net to help, that is no other than promising involuntarily in a coercive state at hand, thus he is well within his rights to retract such promise;).
Some idioms derived from the classical hortative/tentative include sen kata (為ん方・詮方; 'means', lit.'method to do'; synonymous with shikata (仕方)), sen kata nai (為ん方無い・詮方無い; 'be helpless', lit.'be without any means'), iwan kata nai/nashi (言わん方無い・無し; 'be inutterable', lit.'be without any way to say'), aran kagiri (有らん限り; 'to the utmost', lit.'limit of what could exist'), etc.
Most verbs have hortative meanings, as in shiyō/shimashō (しよう・しましょう; 'let's do it'), although this can be interpreted as self‑tentative ("I'll probably do it"). To express tentativity unambiguously, darō/jarō, de arō or deshō (or hyper‑politely, de gozaimashō), which is unambiguously tentative, is added, as in suru darō / suru deshō / shimasu deshō (するだろう・するでしょう・しますでしょう; 'he'll probably do it'). In some cases where the subject lacks human agency, the tentative meaning is more plausible, for example, kumorō/kumorimashō (曇ろう・曇りましょう) means "it'll probably be cloudy" tentatively, not *"let's be cloudy" hortatively; ame ga furō / ame ga furimashō (雨が降ろう・雨が降りましょう) means "it'll probably rain", not *"let's rain"; dekiyō/dekimashō (できよう・できましょう) means "probably can" not *"let's be able". These have been increasingly replaced by kumoru darō / kumoru deshō / kumorimasu deshō (曇るだろう・曇るでしょう・曇りますでしょう), ame ga furu darō / ame ga furu deshō / ame ga furimasu deshō (雨が降るだろう・雨が降るでしょう・雨が降りますでしょう) and dekiru darō / dekiru deshō / dekimasu deshō (できるだろう・できるでしょう・できますでしょう). The rise of the darō/deshō‑appended tentative, as in ame ga furu/furimasu deshō (雨が降る・降りますでしょう; 'it'll probably rain'), as a distinction in form from the original polysemous tentative/hortative, is attested from the early 19th century; the use of the original tentative, as in ame ga furimashō (雨が降りましょう), has become obsolescent or elevated.
Arō/arimashō and their derivatives tend to be tentative, and can be replaced with aru darō / aru deshō / arimasu deshō. The same applies to de arō / de arimashō, which can be replaced with de aru darō / de aru deshō / de arimasu deshō. Adjectival tentatives such as akakarō (赤かろう; 'it's probably red') with a built‑in arō can be replaced with akai darō/deshō (赤いだろう・でしょう). The eastern adjectival negative tentative ‑nakarō, as in yobanakarō (呼ばなかろう; 'probably not call'), ōkiku nakarō (大きくなかろう; 'probably not big') and hon de/ja nakarō (本で・じゃなかろう; 'probably not a book') are to be replaced with ‑nai darō/deshō (〜ないだろう・でしょう). The past tentative ‑ta/‑da darō/deshō are preferred to ‑tarō/‑darō, deshita deshō to deshitarō, and ‑mashita deshō to ‑mashitarō. However, ‑ta/‑da darō can be shortened back to ‑ta/‑da 'rō, albeit with different accent patterns; compare [táɾó(ò)] for ‑tarō, and [tá|dàɾó(ò)→tá|ɾó(ò)] or [tádàɾò(ò)→táɾò(ò)] for ‑ta darō → ‑ta 'rō. This contraction is transferable to the polite ‑mashita 'rō, which is still not quite the same as ‑mashitarō, but which does suggest an unabbreviated form, ‑mashita darō, with a mismatch in politeness, compared to the well‑formed polite ‑mashita deshō. Martin (2004:606) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMartin2004 (help) doubted the plausibility of ‑mashita darō, but it is not impossible.
The western negative ‑n(u) and ‑zu take the classical‑ji for occasional elevated use, mostly followed by the quotative particle to, as in Senshutachi wa kanko no koe ni okurarete, katazuba ikite kaeraji to yū iki de dete kite 'ru wake desu kara, ochiru to naku desu yo. (選手たちは歓呼の声に送られて、勝たずば生きて帰らじという意気で出てきてるわけですから、落ちると泣くですよ。; transl.The athletes, sent off by the cheering voices, appear with the spirit of "I shall not return alive unless I am victorious," so they weep when they lose.), as well as in some cliches such as okureji to (遅れじと; 'not to fall behind; not to be outdone'), makeji to (負けじと; 'not to lose; unyieldingly'), makeji tamashii (負けじ魂; 'unyielding spirit'), etc. The negative tentative/hortative has been expressed with the attributive followed by mai; in the particular case of ‑masen, there is ‑masu mai. In many non‑Tokyo eastern dialects, mai (← majii) is the negative counterpart of the affirmative be(e) (← bei), the regularly modernized adjectival form of beki, which the Tokyo dialect does not use for tentative or hortative meanings. ‑N darō/jarō/de arō/deshō and ‑masen deshō are also used.
無からん (nakaran, be probably nonexistent) 無からむ (nakaramu)
良い (ii/yoi, be good) 良かる(yokaru)
良かる
良かろ
う
良かろう(yokarō, be probably good)
良から
ん む
良からん(yokaran, be probably good) 良からむ(yokaramu)
Special auxiliaries
〜ん (‑n) 〜ぬ (‑nu) 〜ず (‑zu)
ん ぬ ず
じ
〜じ (‑ji)
Hortative: Grammatical compatibility
The hortative can be quoted with the quotative particle to, with to omou (と思う; 'I think that') in particular often being used to unambiguously convey volition (as opposed to invitation to act together), similarly to the desirative with ‑tai/‑tagaru; compare kaerō to omou (帰ろうと思う; 'I think I'll go home') and kaeritai to omou (帰りたいと思う; 'I feel like going home'). The extender to suru (とする) conveys imminent realization of volition, even for actions by inanimate agents.
The tentative can combine with ga or to (mo) to form the tentative concessive, with meanings similar to the gerundive concessive ‑te mo, the conditional concessive ‑edo and the imperative concessive ni shiro/seyo and de are.
The classical tentative is often followed by the particle bakari ("almost").
Hortative and tentative with extender
Extender
English
Japanese
Function
to (と)
At dusk when everybody gathered at the bus to go home, we somehow seemed to be two people short.
Yūgure ni natte, basu de zen'in ga kaerō to shūgō shite miru to, dō mo futari tarinai (夕暮れになって、バスで全員が帰ろうと集合してみると、どうも二人足りない)
unambiguous volition
[I think] I'll try it out and buy it if I like it.
Tameshi ni tsukatte mite, yokattara kaō to omou (試しに使ってみて、よかったら買おうと思う)
I thought I'd hit him good.
Yoppodo nagutte yarō to omotta (よっぽど殴ってやろうと思った)
I had no thought of sleep.
Watashi wa nemurō to omowanakatta (私は眠ろうと思わなかった)
I'm thinking of driving around the island in a rental car.
Rentakā de shima o doraibu shiyō to omotte 'masu (レンタカーで島をドライブしようと思ってます)
He was calm. Somehow, his heart beat evenly, like that of a man determined to do something dangerous yet inevitable.
Kare wa ochitsuki haratte ita. Nani kashira, kiken na, shika mo sakeerarenai koto o shō to kesshin shita no yō ni, shinzō no kodō mo odayaka na mono de atta. (彼は落ちつき払っていた。何かしら、危険な、しかも避けえられないことをしょうと決心した人のように、心臓の鼓動もおだやかなものであった。)
And thus if we, during the coming revolution, wish to leave the doors wide open to reaction, to monarchy perhaps, for us nothing beats confiding our affairs to a representative government, to a cabinet armed with all the powers that that government possesses today.
Sareba, moshi wareware ga, kuru beki kakumei ni saishite, handō no tame ni, osoraku wa ōsei no tame ni daimonko o kaihō shi okō to hossuru nara, wareware wa, daigi seifu ni, konnichi dōseifu ga yūsuru zenseiken o motte busō suru naikaku ni, wareware no jimu o inin suru ni shiku wa nai. (されば、若し吾々が、來るべき革命に際して、反動の爲に、恐らくは王政の爲に大門戶を開放し置かうと欲するなら、吾々は、代議政府に、今日同政府が有する全政權を以て武裝する內閣に、吾々の事務を委任するに如くはない。)
Should you wish to make the Iliad, put yourself on diet.
Shokun ga Iriaddo o tsukuran to hosseba, mazu danjiki o serareyo. (諸君がイリアツドを作らんと欲せば、先づ斷食をせられよ。)
Suppose that a drowning man promises to give all his fortune to whoever willing to cast a net to help, that is no other than promising involuntarily in a coercive state at hand, thus he is well within his rights to retract such promise;
Mizu ni oboren to suru mono, tasuke no ami o tōzen mono ni zenzaisan o ataen to yakushitari to sen ni, sore wa tōmen no kyōsei jōtai yamu naku yakusoku shita ni hoka naranai ga yue ni sono yakusoku o torikeshite yoroshikaru beku, (水に溺れんとする者、助けの網を投ぜん者に全財產を與へんと約したりとせんに、それは當面の强制狀態己むなく約束したに外ならないが故にその約束を取消して宜しかるべく、)
to suru (とする) to nasaru (となさる)
When he was about to board the train, someone called him from behind.
Densha ni norō to shita toki, ushiro kara koe o kakerareta (電車に乗ろうとしたとき、後ろから声をかけられた)
being about, being planning/intending, starting or trying to do something
He had a crack at singing.
Kare wa utatte miyō to shita (彼は歌ってみようとした)
The electric clock in the office is about to go past three.
Jimusho no denkidokei wa sanji o sugiyō to shite iru (事務所の電気時計は三時を過ぎようとしている)
But it isn't that the author couldn't get married, it is that she has no inclination to do so.
Da ga, chosha wa kekkon suru koto ga dekinakatta no de wa nakute, shiyō to shinai no de aru (だが、著者は結婚することができなかったのではなくて、しようとしないのである)
Nobody tried/was about to open his mouth.
Dare mo kuchi o hirakō to shinakatta (誰も口を開こうとしなかった)
The bus was not about to stop.
Basu wa tomarō to shinakatta (バスは止まろうとしなかった)
The battle is about to begin.
Tatakai wa masa ni kaishi sen to shite iru (戦いはまさに開始せんとしている)
Heaven has an end in all: yet, you that hear me, This from a dying man receive as certain: […] for those you make friends And give your hearts to, when they once perceive The least rub in your fortunes, fall away Like water from ye, never found again But where they mean to sink ye.
Nanigoto ni mo Ten'i ga hataraite iru. Shika shinagara, shokun yo, kore dake wa tashika na koto da to shite, shinan to suru mono no yū koto o kiite oite kudasai. […] Funkei bakugyaku no tomo to iedo mo hitotabi kimigata ga kudarizaka ni sashikakatta na to mitomeru to yū, to mizu no hikuki ni tsuku yō ni hanaresatte, sugata o misenaku narimasu zo, kimitachi o horobosō to de mo suru toki no hoka wa. (何事にも天意が働いてゐる。しかしながら、諸君よ、これだけは慥かな事だとして、死なんとする者のいふことを聽いておいて下さい。[…]刎頸莫逆の友と雖も一たび君がたが降り坂にさしかゝったなと認めるといふと、水の低きに就くやうに離れ去って、姿を見せなくなりますぞ、君たちを滅さうとでもする時の外は。)
while all the time Nature is inviting you to talk earnestly with her, to understand her, to subdue her, and to be blessed by her!
Shikaru ni ippō Daishizen o miyo. Shizen wa nanji o shite onore (Shizen) to nesshin ni hanashi o kawasashimen to shite, onore o rikai seshimen to shite, onore o seifuku seshimen to shite, kakute onore yori kōfuku o toku seshimen to shite, tsune ni nanji o oide oide to maneite iru no de aru. (然るに一方大自然を見よ。自然は汝をして己れ（自然）と熱心に話をかわさしめんとして，己れを理解せしめんとして，己れを征服せしめんとして，かくて己れより幸福を得せしめんとして，常に汝を御出で御出でと招いて居るのである。)
But perhaps because I seemed to hit it off with Mr Andō, Mr Andō himself was not the least inclined to consult other doctors.
Shika shi, Andō-san to wa uma ga au to yū no ka, Andō-san gojishin, hoka no isha ni maru de kakarō to nasaranai n desu (しかし、安藤さんとは馬が合うと言うのか、安藤さんご自身、ほかの医者にまるでかかろうとなさらないんです)
ga (が)
Whether you go or not, I'll go.
Kimi ga ikō ga iku mai ga, ore wa iku (君が行こうが行くまいが、俺は行く)
concession
come hell or high water; lit.'whether rain or spears fall'
ame ga furō ga yari ga furō ga (雨が降ろうが槍が降ろうが)
She always listened to water boil, and whenever the pot got empty, come rain, wind or shine, she always refilled it.
Kanojo wa nengara nenjū, yu ga tagiru no o kiki, nabe ga karappo ni nareba, tatoe ame ga furō ga, kaze ga fukō ga, mata hi ga terō ga, nengara nenjū, soitsu o ippai ni shite kita no da. (彼女は、年がら年じゅう、湯がたぎるのを聞き、なべがからっぽになれば、たとえ雨が降ろうが、風が吹こうが、また日が照ろうが、年がら年じゅう、そいつをいっぱいにしてきたのだ。)
Still, English or no, Galen could not justify simply attacking the party and killing the woman.
To ieba, Ingurando musume de arō ga nakarō ga, sono ikkō ni kishū o kake, MaGuregā no hanayome to naru musume o korosu koto ni seigi ga aru to wa, Geiran ni wa omoenakatta. (といえば、イングランド娘であろうがなかろうが、その一行に奇襲をかけ、マグレガーの花嫁となる娘を殺すことに正義があるとは、ゲイランには思えなかった。)
That said, whether they're stronger or weaker than me, I still have to beat them eventually, so as long as I'm giving it my all, it doesn't really matter…….
Te ka, ore yori tsuyokarō ga yowakarō ga, kekkyoku taosanakya ikenai wake de, zenryoku tsukusu ore kara sureba, anmari kankei nai yō……. (てか、俺より強かろうが弱かろうが、結局倒さなきゃいけないわけで、全力を尽くす俺からすれば、あんまり関係ないような……。)
to (mo) (と(も))
Whatever he does has no bearing on me.
Kare ga nani o shiyō to watashi ni wa mukankei da (彼が何をしようと私には無関係だ)
Come wind, storm, cold or rain, ――nothing struck him down.
Kaze ga fukō to arashi ga koyō to, samusa ya ame ga shūrai shiyō to,――nani mono mo dageki o ataeru koto wa nakatta. (風が吹こうと嵐が来ようと、寒さや雨が襲来しようと、――何ものも打撃を与えることはなかった。)
Come a hundred or myriad of you, no means no.
Hyakunin kō to, bannin kō to, dame tto ittara dame na no da. (百人來うと、萬人來うと、駄目つと云つたら駄目なのだ。)
Wherever you are, don't forget I'll be thinking of you.
Anata ga doko ni iyō to mo, watashi wa anata no koto o omotte iru no da to yū koto o wasurenai de ne (あなたがどこにいようとも、私はあなたのことを思っているのだということを忘れないでね)
bakari (ばかり)
You might almost say it was your right.
Anata no kenri na n da kara to iwaren bakari desu (あなたの権利なんだからと言われんばかりです)
almost/barely/virtually doing something; being just about to do something; being so close to doing something
It was an apology in which he kept groveling on the floor mat and all but wailed.
Tatami ni hitai o suritsuke suritsuke, gōkyū sen bakari no wabikata datta (畳に額を擦り付け擦り付け、号泣せんばかりの詫び方だった)
What surprised me was when the film got to the marathon part, the theater almost burst with frenzy.
Odoroita no wa, eiga no marason no tokoro ni naru to, gekijō ga waren bakari no nekkyō deshita yo (驚いたのは、映画のマラソンのところになると、劇場が割れんばかりの熱狂でしたよ)
Then he looked at me for a while, as I kept on silently thinking, and finally he spoke, barely suppressing a burst of laughter.
So shite kare wa, damatte kangaetsuzukete iru boku o chotto nagamete, tsui ni fukidasan bakari ni shite itta (そして彼は、黙って考え続けている僕をちょっと眺めて、ついに吹き出さんばかりにしていった)
In my true heart I find she names my very deed of love; Only she comes too short:
Aneue wa watakushi ga omotte oru tōri o osshatta no de gozaimasu no, tada, sukōshi ossharitarimasen bakari. (姉上はわたくしが思ってをる通りをおっしゃったのでございますの、只、少ゥしおっしゃり足りませんばかり。)
↑The saying is sora ni mitsu rōka (空に三つ廊下; lit.'the three corridors in the sky'). The rōka (廊下; 'corridor') is a pun on the interrogative tentative endings in Furō ka (降ろうか; 'Will it rain?'), Terō ka (照ろうか; 'Will it shine?') and Kumorō ka (曇ろうか; 'Will it cloud?'), which are what one would ask about the weather.
↑"Didn't I tell you?," "I told you, didn't I?," "I thought I told you," etc.
↑Mitamura, Nobuyuki; Sasaki, Maki (8 October 1981). 校長先生のえんそく [The Principal's Excursion]. ねこのネコカブリ小学校 [Nekokaburi Primary School for Cats] (in Japanese). Vol.1. Kōtō, Tokyo: PHP Institute. ISBN978-4-569-58537-6. 「いいよ。じゃあ早く問題をだしなさい。」 「よーし。天に三つのろうかがあります。なんとなんとなーんだ。」 「ははは。そんなのかんたんさ。学校で一年生におしえたことがある。照ろうか、降ろうか、くもろうかだろう？」 [Alright, then. Tell me the question, pronto." "Sure. There are three 'will it's' in the heavens. Whaat are they?" "Ha ha ha. Easy. I learnt this in first grade. Are they 'will it shine,' 'will it rain' and 'will it cloud'?]
↑Andersen, Hans Christian (30 October 1952). "De vilde svaner" 白鳥 [The Swans]. Eventyr アンデルセン童話集[Andersen's Fairy Tales]. 角川文庫 (in Japanese). Vol.Ⅱ. Translated by Banshōya, Eiichi. Chiyoda, Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten. p.86. Da solen kom højere, så Elisa foran sig, halvt svømmende i luften, et bjergland, med skinnende ismasser på fjeldene, og midt derpå strakte sig et vist milelangt slot, med den ene dristige søjlegang oven på den anden; nedenfor gyngede palmeskove og pragtblomster, store som møllehjul. お日さまがだん〱高くのぼったとき、エリーザは、前のほうに、山ばかりの国が、なかば空中にうかんでいるのを見つけました。山のいただきには、氷のかたまりが光っていました。そうして、国のまんなかには、一マイルもあろうかと思われる、ひろいお城がそびえていて、ものすごい柱のろうかが、いくつも重なりあっていました。その下のほうには、やしの木の森や、水車ほどの大きさの、りっぱな花が波うっていました。 [As the sun rose higher, Elisa saw before her a mountainous land half floating in the air. Masses of ice were shining on the mountaintops, and in the middle of the land rose a vast castle that seemed one mile long, with a row of awesome columns rising one above another. Below waved palm forests, and splendid flowers as big as waterwheels.]
↑Konayuki (30 June 2023). 第二章 レイメリアと魔術師の杖（過去編） [Chapter 2: Raymeria and the Magician's Wand (Past Arc)]. 魔術師の杖 ネリアと魔術師レオポルド [The Magician's Wand: Neria and Leopold the Magician] (in Japanese). Vol.7. Impress NextPublishing. 「意志の強さ、魔力の高さ、それに行動力。お前は魔術師にむいている。すさまじいまでの荒ぶる情熱をそのまま魔力に昇華すれば、お前が喚びだす炎はさぞや美しかろう？」 [Strength of will, prowess in magic, and drive, too. You are fit to be a magician. Once you sublimate your wildly unruly passion into magical power, the flame you summon will surely be beautiful, won't it?]
↑Conrad, Joseph (1 March 2021). "Chapter Four: Anthony and Flora" 第四章 アントニーとフローラ. Chance: A Tale in Two Parts チャンス 前後二編からなる物語 (in Japanese). Translated by Aono, Maruka. If Anthony's love had been as egoistic as love generally is, it would have been greater than the egoism of his vanity—or of his generosity, if you like—and all this could not have happened. He would not have hit upon that renunciation at which one does not know whether to grin or shudder. It is true too that then his love would not have fastened itself upon the unhappy daughter of de Barral. But it was a love born of that rare pity which is not akin to contempt because rooted in an overwhelmingly strong capacity for tenderness—the tenderness of the fiery kind—the tenderness of silent solitary men, the voluntary, passionate outcasts of their kind. At the time I am forced to think that his vanity must have been enormous. もしアントニーの恋愛が一般にそうであるくらい利己的だったなら、それは虚栄のエゴイズムに――あるいは、まあ、寛大さに――まさったろうから、この一切は起きなかったろう。にやっと笑うべきなのかぞっと身震いすべきなのかわからない、そんな断念を思いつくこともなかったろう。その仮定では、彼の恋愛がド・バラルの不幸な娘にそもそも結びつかなかったろうというのも真だ。しかしながら、その恋愛は稀な慈善から生じた。それは軽蔑とは無縁である。なんとなれば、優しさにおける圧倒的に強力な能力に根ざすからであり――その優しさは猛火の種類のもので、無口な孤独の男の優しさであり、情熱的な自ら志願して追放者となった男独特の優しさである。同時に、彼の虚栄心は莫大であったと考えざるをえない。
↑Masuda, Tatsuyoshi (30 September 2022). "Short Stories of Working" お仕事小説(PDF). Hokusei Review, the School of Humanities 北星学園大学文学部北星論集 (in Japanese). 60 (1). Hokusei Gakuen University: 74. ISSN0289-338X.
↑Andō, Masatsugu (5 February 1948). 第七章 「現代かなづかい」 [Chapter 7: "Modern Kana Usage"]. 國語國字問題を說く[On the Issues with the National Language and Script] (in Japanese). Higashi, Osaka: Ōsaka Kyōiku Tosho. p.205. なお、助動詞などにも、「だらう」が「だろう」、「でせう」が「でしょう」、「ませう」が「ましよう」となる類もあるが、これらは、さしたる變化ではない。 [In addition, there are some auxiliary verbs up for change, such as 「だらう」 to 「だろう」, 「でせう」 to 「でしよう」, 「ませう」 to 「ましよう」, etc, although these changes are not significant.]
↑小学新敎育研究会, ed. (5 February 1950). 現代かなづかい [Modern Kana Usage]. 育英版・最新兒童年鑑[Ikuei Edition: The Latest Children's Yearbook] (in Japanese). Taitō, Tokyo; Higashi, Osaka: Ikuei Shuppan. p.165. 二、せうをしようと書くもの いきましよう（行きませう） しようねん（少年） しようそく（消息）等 三、せふをしようと書くもの こうしよう（交渉）等 [2, せう is written as しよう: いきましよう(行きませう), しようねん(少年), しようそく(消息), etc. 3, せふ is written as しよう: こうしよう(交渉), etc.]
↑Uemoto, Saichi (20 March 1953). "Can I come in?". 語法雜記[Miscellaneous Notes on Phraseology] (in Japanese). Kenkyūsha Shuppan. p.38. "Can I go?" Maria asked. "May I go too, Pilar?"—Ernest Hemingway （「私も行かれませうか，行つてもよいでしようか」とマリアは訊ねた）．
↑Tsuruya, Nanboku (25 August 1956). 三幕目 砂村隱亡堀の場. In Kawatake, Shigetoshi (ed.). 東海道四谷怪談. 岩波文庫 (in Japanese). Chiyoda, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp.148–149. まき ア、もし、またぐちな事おつしやりまする。其やふなお心を、お出被成ては、あのお子さまのお爲には成ませぬほどに、いつものよふに、御ゑかう〔囘向〕被成てお上げ被成ませ。私はおやしよくの、おめしごしらへいたしませう。 […] まき まゝ有ものでござりまする。おまへさまはその御守り、御覽の度に物思ひ。そりや、かういたしましよう。私が明日そう〱、靈岸さまへぢさん〔持參〕いたして、お納て參りませうわいなア。 […] まき さやういたしましよう。ばんほどそう〱、御參り申て參ましよう。
↑Sakurai, Buhei (15 March 1957). 四四 蠅取の硏究. やさしい生活の科学（ラジオ放送） (in Japanese). Vol.1. Higashiyama, Kyoto: 関書院. p.271. 「そんならいゝけれど今日の餌は何、佃煮、これは高いでせう、食べられるのに勿体ないでしょう」
↑Akimoto (2001), pp.822–823, 871. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAkimoto2001 (help)
↑Meredith, George (15 June 1918). "Chapter XLII. Shows the Divining Arts of a Perceptive Mind" 第四十二章 覺りの早き人の透視術. The Egoist: A Comedy in Narrative 我意の人 (in Japanese). Vol.3. Translated by Hirata, Tokuboku. Kanda, Tokyo: 國民文庫刊行會. pp.332–333. He who can watch circling above it awhile, quietly viewing, and collecting in his eye, gathers matter that makes the secret thing discourse to the brain by weight and balance; he will get either the right clue or none; more frequently none; but he will escape the entanglement of his own cleverness, he will always be nearer to the enigma than the guesser or the calculator, and he will retain a breadth of vision forfeited by them. He must, however, to have his chance of success, be acutely besides calmly perceptive, a reader of features, audacious at the proper moment. 暫時高くその上に飛揚して、ぢつとその觀察を擅まにし、靜かに見渡し、物皆悉く我が眼の中に收めようといふ人こそ、秘密の事物をして、よくその輕重を量つて頭腦に吿げしむるやうになす、數多の材料を蒐集するのである。確かに手掛を得るか、全然左樣したものを手にせぬか二つ一つである、多くは何をも得られぬが普通である、が、彼はそれに依つて我が巧緻の足手纏ひのうちに捕はれずに濟む、推察者、若しくは打算者よりは、ずつとその謎語に近づける、して、彼等の失つてゐる廣濶な眼界を立派に保持していかれるのである。が、成功の機械を捉へんには、彼はまた啻に冷靜にその智覺を働かすばかりでなく、それ〲適當な時機に於て隨分と大膽に、他人の容貌を讀破せねばいけぬのである。
12von Jhering, Rudolph (10 September 1930). "Kap. I. Das Zweckgesetz." 第一章 目的律 (das Zweckgesetz) [Chapter I. The Law of Purpose]. Der Zweck im Recht von Rudolph von Jhering 「イエリング」法律目的論 IHERING’S THE END OF LAW[Jhering on Purpose in the Law]. Waseda Law Review (in Japanese). Vol.Ⅰ. Translated by Wada, Kojirō. Ushigome, Tokyo: The Waseda University Law Association. p.17. Wenn der Ertrinkende, der für den ihm zugeworfenen Strick sein Vermögen verspricht, sein Versprechen anfechten darf, weil nur die Zwangslage, in der er sich befand, es ihm abnöthigte, warum nicht auch der Reisende, der auf der Reise genöthigt ist, sich höhere Preise gefallen zu lassen als der Einheimische, oder als er selber in seiner Heimath gezahlt haben würde? 水に溺れんとする者、助けの網を投ぜん者に全財產を與へんと約したりとせんに、それは當面の强制狀態己むなく約束したに外ならないが故にその約束を取消して宜しかるべく、又旅行者が他國に在りて土地の人よりも高い支拂を甘じ又本國で支拂ふよりも高き支拂を甘す[sic]べく餘儀なくされたときにも亦何故支拂の取消が出來ないのか。 [Suppose that a drowning man promises to give all his fortune to whoever willing to cast a net to help, that is no other than promising involuntarily in a coercive state at hand, thus he is well within his rights to retract such promise; why then, when a traveller has no choice in another land but to submit to paying higher prices than the natives, or than what he would pay at home, can he not also retract the payments?]
12Watanabe, Toshirō; Skrzypczak, Edmund R.; Snowden, Paul, eds. (11 July 2003). New Japanese-English Dictionary 新和英大辞典 (in Japanese and English) (5thed.). Kenkyusha.
↑Martin (2004), p.605–607. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartin2004 (help)
↑Hayashi, Yasakichi (10 July 1943). 七、騎兵大襲擊の壯烈極まれる湊川戰. 大聖人楠公 （決戰と楠公精神の昂揚に就て） (in Japanese). Shitaya, Tokyo: The Society for Promotion of Japanese Diplomacy. p.32. 楠公は若し細川軍が先き廻りして居つたらば假令七十三騎と雖も之を以て細川軍を突破して義貞の爲めに血路を開く考でありましただろうが、
↑Nakao, Masato (24 October 2016). １０／１ に修士論文中間報告会が行われました！(PDF). 中央大学大学院経済学研究科 News (in Japanese). Graduate School of Economics, Chuo University. しかしながら初めての司会という大役であったため、報告者の皆様と先生方に多々ご迷惑をお掛け致しましただろうこと、この場をお借りして心より御詫び申し上げます。
↑Masuda, Ken'ichi (20 January 2025). 社会人１年目に向けての雑感(PDF). The Bulletin of Kansai University of Health Sciences 関西医療大学紀要 (in Japanese). 18. Kumatori, Osaka: Kansai University of Health Sciences: 2. ISSN1881-9184. すると指導医のS 先生が胸ぐらを掴む勢いで近づいて来て激怒され、「お前、何を言ってるんだ！研修医だとしても、お前の責任のもとで、主治医として退院と致しましただろう!!」と。 [And then, my supervising physician, Dr S, came up, forcefully grabbed me by the collar and told me off, "What are you talking about⁉ Even if you're just a resident, I approved the discharge as the attending on your account‼"]
↑Martin (2004), pp.606–607, 1030–1031. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartin2004 (help)
↑Martin (2004), pp.608–609. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartin2004 (help)
↑Post, Melville Davisson (17 August 2018) [1 January 1976]. "Chapter VII: A Twilight Adventure" 黄昏の怪事件. Uncle Abner: Master of Mysteries アンクル・アブナーの叡智 (in Japanese). Translated by Yoshida, Seiichi. Setagaya, Tokyo: Gutenberg21. Who was this man?" said Abner. "They will not tell who he was." "Why not?" "Now, Abner," cried Ward, "why not, indeed! Because there never was any such man. The story is a lie out of the whole cloth. Those two devils are guilty as hell. The proof is all dead against them. 「だれなんだね、その男というのは？」と、アブナーが言った。 「そいつは言わんだろうよ」 「なぜだね？」 「わかりきっているじゃないかね、アブナーさん！」と、ウォードは声を高めて、「そんな男など、いやしないからさ。なにもかもデタラメなのさ。あの二人が犯人であることはまちがいない。証拠は歴然としている」
↑Mitchell, Margaret Munnerlyn (25 February 1978) [3 June 1977]. "Chapter XIX" 19. In 綜合社 (ed.). Gone with the Wind 風と共に去りぬ. 世界文学全集 (in Japanese). Vol.Ⅰ. Translated by Ōkubo, Yasuo; Takeuchi, Michinosuke. Chiyoda, Tokyo: Shueisha. p.375. Maybe you girls didn't know it, but they've got every road, too, every wagon lane and bridle path, except the McDonough road. おまえたちのような娘は知らんじゃろうが、やつらはマクドナ街道のほか、道路という道路は、馬車の通る道も、みんな押えてしまったのじゃ。
↑Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (6 October 2023). "Erſter Abſchnitt. [I.] Gefühle des Daſeins. [II.] Die Monate der Jugend." 第一節 生存感 青春時代 [First Section. Sensations of Existence. The Times of Youth.]. Lebens⸗Anſichten des Katers Murr 牡猫ムルの人生観 [The Outlook on Life of the Tomcat Murr] (in Japanese). Vol.1. Translated by Ishimaru, Shizuo. Setagaya, Tokyo: Gutenberg21. "Gerade wie ich, gerade wie ich", ruft der Jüngling begeiſtert aus und zweifelt nicht länger, daß auch er ein hoher Genius iſt trotz ſeinem angebeteten Jdol. 「まったくおれのようだ。おれと寸分ちがわぬ」と、その青年は感激して叫ぶとともに、自分もまた崇拝せる偶像に劣らず偉大な天才だということを、もはや疑わんであろう。 ["Just like me. Not unlike me at all," the youth cries in high delight, no longer doubting that he, too, is a great genius, no less than the idol he reveres.]
↑Twain, Mark (21 April 2023) [1 March 1993]. "Chapter XXIV. My Incognito Is Exploded." 第二十四章 お忍び露見. Life on the Mississippi ミシシッピ河上の生活 (in Japanese). Vol.1. Translated by Katsuura, Yoshio. Setagaya, Tokyo: Gutenberg21. If you had had as much experience of alligators as I have, you would n't talk like that. You dredge an alligator once and he's convinced. It's the last you hear of him. He would n't come back for pie. If there's one thing that an alligator is more down on than another, it's being dredged. Besides, they were not simply shoved out of the way; the most of the scoopful were scooped aboard; they emptied them into the hold; and when they had got a trip, they took them to Orleans to the Government works. 「あんたもわたしぐらいワニの経験があったら、そんなことは言わんでしょうね。一度浚い出すと、ワニはちゃんと覚えていますよ。もう二度と姿を見せません。もう金輪際きませんよ。ワニにいくらかでも我慢がならないものがあるとすれば、それは浚い出されることですよ。それに、ただ押し出すんじゃない。すくったのは大抵船の上へすくい上げるんです。それを船倉に入れる。そして旅が終るとオーリンズから官製工場へ持っていくんです」
↑Martin (2004), pp.1030–1031. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartin2004 (help)
↑Seki, Hiroyuki (2022). 情報学の研究者たちの喜怒哀楽(PDF). Informatica (in Japanese). 3: 24. 「役に立つ」とは「それ自体が深い構造をもっていて，理論か実用化かに限らず，将来の新しい分野に応用可能である」ということであろうかと，今は感じている．[…]最後に先生は何をおっしゃろうとしていたのであろうか．
↑Kaizu, Tadao (May 1970). ""Imagines mortis" in Dürer and Holbein" 「死の像」におけるデューラーとホルバイン. Journal of Arts and Letters 藝文研究 (in Japanese). 29. 慶應義塾大学藝文学会: 56–57. 何物もこの世の死から救ってくれない。だから、いつも神に従ってあれ。[…]このおん方はお前に永遠の生命をお授け下さろう。[…]天の仲間のところへお連れ下さろう。
↑Taniguchi, Takao (1990). 哲学の文体または叙述方法 (上) ―ヘーゲル･エンチクロペディー･コメンタール (Ｏ)―(PDF). Memoirs of the Kitami Institute of Technology 北見工業大学研究報告 (in Japanese). 22 (1): 42. ヘーゲルを少しでも読んだ読者なら分かってくださろう
↑Hosaka, Shūji (2003). オサーマ・ビン・ラーデンの対米ジハード宣言(PDF). 現代の中東 (in Japanese) (35): 98. アッラーはおまえを守ってくださろう。
↑Watanabe, Osami (2016). オペラにおけるピアノ伴奏法について ―モーツァルト歌劇『コシ・ファン・トゥッテ』を例に―(PDF). Bulletin of the Teacher Training Research Center Attached to the Faculty of Education, Art and Science 教職・教育実践研究 (in Japanese) (11). Yamagata University: 12. 貸してくださろうというお気持ちがおありでしたら，
↑Akutagawa, Ryūnosuke (10 July 1956). 開化の良人. 芥川龍之介全集 (in Japanese). Vol.3. Chiyoda, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp.73–74. その上僕は妻を愛さうと思つてゐても、妻の方ではどうしても僕を愛す事が出來ないのだ、いやこれも事によると、抑僕の愛なるものが、相手にそれだけの熱を起させ得ない程、貧弱なものだつたかも知れない。
↑Tanizaki, Jun'ichirō (5 November 1934). 〇 體裁について [〇 On Formatting]. 文章讀本[A Guide to Composition] (in Japanese). Kōjimachi, Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Sha. p.216. 彼の假名使ひの正確さについて、私が覺えてをります二三の例を申しますなら、「感心しない」「記憶しない」のやうな場合に、必ず鷗外はサ行變格の動詞の規則に從つて「感心せない」「記憶せない」と書きました。又、從來は「勉强しやう」「運動しやう」などと書いた場合に、鷗外はこれを「勉强せう」「運動せう」の「せう」が伸びたものと見て、「勉强しよう」「運動しよう」と書きました。又、「向ふの丘」「向ふの川」と書いた場合に、「向ひの丘」「向ひの川」の「ひ」の音便と見て、「向うの丘」「向うの川」と書きました。 [As for his accuracy in using kana, to give two or three examples that I remember, in such cases as 「感心しない」, 「記憶しない」, etc Ōgai always followed the rules of s-irregular verbs and wrote 「感心せない」, 「記憶せない」, etc. In such cases where convention dictates 「勉强しやう」, 「運動しやう」, etc, Ōgai saw them as having a lengthened 「せう」 as in 「勉强せう」, 「運動せう」, etc and wrote 「勉强しよう」, 「運動しよう」, etc. And in such cases as 「向ふの丘」, 「向ふの川」, etc, he saw them as having a euphonic「ひ」 as in 「向ひの丘」, 「向ひの川」, etc and wrote 「向うの丘」, 「向うの川」, etc.]
12Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich (28 February 1953). "Пиковая дама" スペードの女王 [The Queen of Spades]. スペードの女王・靑銅の騎士 他三篇[The Queen of Spades, The Bronze Horseman, and three other stories]. 創元文庫 (in Japanese). Translated by Nakayama, Shōzaburō. Chūō, Tokyo; Kita, Osaka: Sogensha. pp.161, 176, 189. — Одеваться. […] Он был спокоен; сердце его билось ровно, как у человека, решившегося на что-нибудь опасное, но необходимое. […] Потом двинулись и многочисленные гости, приехавшие поклониться той, которая так давно была участницею в их суетных увеселениях. 「着更えをしょうと思って？」 […]彼は落ちつき払っていた。何かしら、危険な、しかも避けえられないことをしょうと決心した人のように、心臓の鼓動もおだやかなものであった。[…]やがて、永い永い歳月を徒らなる遊び仲間であった故人に、最後の告別をしょうとしてやって来た夥しい会葬者たちが、列をなして進んだ。 ["I was going to dress?" […] He was calm. Somehow, his heart beat evenly, like that of a man determined to do something dangerous yet inevitable. […] Promptly then, the numerous mourners, who had come to pay their last respects to the deceased who had long, long been the mate in their vain play, filed forwards.]
12Shakespeare, William (15 July 1957). Romeo and Juliet ロミオとヂュリエット. シェークスピヤ全集 (in Japanese). Translated by Tsubouchi, Shōyō. Bunkyō, Tokyo: Shinjusha. pp.54, 60, 69, 86, 93, 101, 108, 132, 139, 144, 166. She speaks, yet she says nothing: what of that? Her eye discourses, I will answer it. I am too bold, 'tis not to me she speaks: […] I hear some noise within; dear love, adieu! [Nurse calls within.] Anon, good nurse! Sweet Montague, be true. Stay but a little, I will come again. […] Ben. Nay, he will answer the letter's master, how he dares, being dared. […] Go. I 'll to dinner; hie you to the cell. […] Mer. But I 'll be hang'd, sir, if he wear your livery: Marry, go before to field, he 'll be your follower; Your worship in that sense may call him man. […] Jul. Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds, Towards Phœbus' lodging: such a waggoner As Phaethon would whip you to the west, And bring in cloudy night immediately. […] Nurse. Hie to your chamber: I 'll find Romeo To comfort you: I wot well where he is. Hark ye, your Romeo will be here at night: I 'll to him; he is hid at Lawrence' cell. […] An you be mine, I 'll give you to my friend; An you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets, For, by my soul, I 'll ne'er acknowledge thee, Nor what is mine shall never do thee good: Trust to 't, bethink you; I 'll not be forsworn. […] Jul. O, bid me leap, rather than marry Paris, From off the battlements of yonder tower; Or walk in thievish ways; or bid me lurk Where serpents are; […] Cap. Tush, I will stir about, And all things shall be well, I warrant thee, wife: Go thou to Juliet, help to deck up her; I 'll not to bed to-night; let me alone; I 'll play the housewife for this once. What, ho! They are all forth: well, I will walk myself To County Paris, to prepare him up Against to-morrow: my heart is wondrous light, Since this same wayward girl is so reclaim'd. […] Fri. J. Brother, I 'll go and bring it thee. ‥‥何やら言うてゐる。いや、何も言うてはゐぬ。言はいでもかまはぬ、あの目が物を言ふ。あの目へ返答をせう。‥‥あゝ、こりゃあんまり厚顏しかった。俺に言うてゐるのでは無い。[…] 此時、奧にて乳母の聲にて呼ぶ。 奧で何やら、かしましい聲がする。戀しいお方、さよなら‥‥あい〱、乳母、今すぐに！ ‥‥モンタギューどの、必ず渝らず。ちょと待ってゝ下され、すぐ又戾って來う。 […] ベンヺ いや、しかけられたからは、立合はうと返事をせう。 […]さ、予は食事をせう。貴孃は庵室へ速うゆかしゃれ。 […] マーキュ 奴ぢゃ？ へん、ロミオが足下の奴なものか？ 何時足下が給服を着せた？ はて、先に立って決鬪場へ行きゃれ、ロミオも隨行をせう。それが奴の役なら、ロミオは足下樣のお抱奴ぢゃ。 […] ヂュリ 驅けよ速う、火の脚の若駒よ、日の神の宿ります今宵の宿へ。フェーエトンのやうな御者がゐたなら、西へ〱と鞭をあてゝ、すぐにも夜を將れて來うもの、曇った夜を。[…] 乳母 速う居間へゆかしゃれ。お前を喜ばす眞實のロミオを搜して來う。其居處は知ってをる。これの、こちのロミオどのは、今宵こゝへ來やしゃる筈ぢゃ。わしが往て呼んで來う。はて、ロレンスさまの庵室に、ロミオは隱れてござらっしゃります。 […]我子ならば親友の許へ遣る、さなくば首を縊らうと、乞食をせうと、餓ゑて途上死をしをらうとまゝぢゃ、誓文、我子とは思はぬわい、また何一つたりと、汝には與れまいぞよ。よいか、二言は無いぞよ。誓言は破らぬぞよ。 […] ヂュリ おゝ、パリスどのと祝言をせう程なら、あの塔の上から飛んで見い、山賊の跳梁る夜道を行け、蛇の棲む叢に身を潛めいとも言はっしゃれ。[…] カピ長 なにさ〱、乃公が馳驅奔走るわさ、さすれば、大丈夫、どうにかなるわさ。卿は、ヂュリエットの許へ往て、着る物を手傳うてやりゃ。乃公は今夜は寢むまい。はて、任せておきゃ。今夜ほどは女房役をせうわい‥‥（奧に向ひて）こりゃ、誰れかゐぬか！ ‥‥皆出拂うてしまうた。むゝ、自身でパリスどのゝ邸へ往て、明朝の準備をさせて來う。心がおそろしう輕うなったわい、あの我儘者めが改心しをったによって。 […] ヂョン うゝ、すれば、往て持來う。
12Shakespeare, William (30 April 1958). Hamlet, Prince of Denmark ハムレット[Hamlet]. シェークスピヤ全集 (in Japanese). Translated by Tsubouchi, Shōyō. Bunkyō, Tokyo: Shinjusha. pp.25, 161, 201, 203. Ham. I will watch to-night; Perchance 't will walk again. […] Come, I will make you way for these your letters; And do 't the speedier, that you may direct me To him from whom you brought them. […] Ham. Not a whit, we defy augury: there 's a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, 't is not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all: since no man has aught of what he leaves, what is 't to leave betimes? […] Ham. I embrace it freely; And will this brother's wager frankly play. Give us the foils. Come on.ハム 予も今宵は見張をせう。或はまた出て來るでもあらう。 […] さゝ、持參の書面を陛下へ參らする手續をせう。早うそれを果して、予をば先方へ案內しておくりゃれ。 […] ハム 何の〱。前兆なぞを氣にゃせぬわい。雀が一疋落つるにも天の配劑。今來れば後には來ず、後に來ずば今來う、よし今は來ずとも、いつかは一度來うによって、何事も覺悟が第一ぢゃ。殘してゆく世が我世でなくば、早う死なうとも何の事も無いわ。棄てゝおきゃれ。 […] ハム 此上は隔心なく、お互ひに心を許して、同胞づくの試合をせう。‥‥試合劍を持て。‥‥いざ。
↑Hasegawa, Hōsei (13 September 2019). 第三百六十九回 やるしかなか. 博多っ子純情 (in Japanese). Vol.17 (大合本ed.). Goma Books. 勉強しょうと思うた 人形の為い勉強しょうと思うた 俺は何あも知らんけん勉強せな こげんまともに勉強したとは今まであったかいな
↑Akamatsu, Tsunehiro (1992). 三木清のパスカル解釈について（続）(PDF). 人文科学論集 (in Japanese) (26): 7. 人が私を愛そうと思っても愛することが出来ないという意味ではなく，私は愛するに値しないから，人が私を愛するようにみえても，それは虚偽であり，私も人をして自分を愛するようにしむけることは不正であり，罪であるとパスカルは言うのである。
↑Augustine (2 February 1923). S. Aurelii Augustini Confessiones オウガスチン懴悔錄[Augustine's Confessions] (in Japanese). Translated by Miyahara, Kōichirō. Ushigome, Tokyo: Bunmei Shoin. pp.46, 303. Recordari volo transactas fœditates meas, et carnales corruptiones animæ meæ: non quod eas amem; sed ut amem te, Deus meus. […] Age, Domine, fac; excita, et revoca nos; accende, et rape; flagra, dulcesce: jam amemus, et curramus. 私は今自分の過去の汚穢と、私の魂の肉的腐敗とを想ひ起しませう。それは私がそんなものを愛するが爲めではなく、私の神よ、貴下を愛しようといふのだからで厶います。[…] 主よ、さあどうぞおやり下さい、我々を搖り起して、呼び返して下さい。我々を燃やして、貴下に引き寄せていたゞきませう、我々に香ぐはしく[sic]、また甘くなつてください。我々に愛しさせて下さい、我々に驅けさせて下さい。 [I will now recall my past foulness, and the carnal corruptions of my soul. It is not for I love them, but for I may love Thee, my God. […] Now then, Lord, do it, stir us up, and recall us. Kindle and draw us unto Thee, become flagrant and sweet unto us. Let us love, let us run.]
↑Ishii, Isami (6 August 2021). 涙にさく花. くたばれ‼涙くん (in Japanese). Goma Books. キャプテン だからこそだまって信ずることも必要じゃないのか⁉ ……⁉ 男を信じぬものは男になれん‼ 男に…… そうだ 男だ‼あの風巻を男と認めるのなら……ここはだまって信じようじゃないか‼
↑Minakata, Kumagusu (22 February 1994) [17 January 1994]. 鶏に関する伝説. 十二支考 (in Japanese). Vol.2 (3rded.). Chiyoda, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp.137–138. ISBN4-00-331392-5. その『閹人顕正論』の四二頁已下にいわく、十一世紀にギリシア人、イタリアのベネヴェント公と戦い、甚くこれを苦しめた後、スポレト侯チッバルドこれを援けてギリシア軍を破り、数人を捕えこれを宮してギリシアの将軍に送り、ギリシア帝は特に閹人を愛するからこれだけ閹人を依えて進ずる、なおまた勝軍して一層多く拵えて進ぜようと言いやった。
↑Molière (20 March 1908). "LA CRITIQVE DE L'ESCOLE DES FEMMES, COMEDIE." 夫人學校是非 [The Critique of The School for Wives]. モリエエル全集[The Complete Works of Molière] (in Japanese). Translated by Kusano, Shibaji. Kyōbashi, Tokyo: Kanao Bun'endō. p.375.
DORANTE.
Mon Dieu Marquis ce n'est pas à toy que je parle. C'est à vne douzaine de Messieurs qui deshonnorent les gens de Cour par leurs manieres extrauagantes, et font croire parmy le peuple que nous nous ressemblons tous. Pour moy, je m'en veux justifier le plus qu'il me sera possible; et ie les dauberay tant, en toutes rencontres, qu'à la fin ils se rendront sages.樋口 いや侯爵、わしは貴郞に話しとるんぢや無いです。わしは或る紳士が殊更に奇矯な態度を採つて宮內省を輕蔑し、吾々全躰も同樣ぢやと世人に思はせるから彼奴等を駁してをるのぢや。併しわしは、この樋口は彼等に感染れんで、彼等を矯正して終には眞人間らしうしてやる折が來うと思ふ。 [dorante Nay, Marquis, I am not talking to you. I am arguing against certain Messieurs who dishonor the courtly by picking up extravagant manners on purpose, and make people think that we are all the same. But I think that I, Dorante, will not be influenced by them, and the time will come when I set them straight and finally make them into real gentlemen.]
↑Salzmann, Christian Gotthilf (10 October 1925). "Krebsbüchlein, oder Anweiſung zu einer unvernünftigen Erziehung der Kinder" 蟹の小本 （我子の惡德） [Crab's Booklet (Your Children's Guide to Bad Conduct)]. Krebsbüchlein, oder Anweiſung zu einer unvernünftigen Erziehung der Kinder. Konrad Kiefer oder Anweiſung zu einer vernünftigen Erziehung der Kinder. Ameiſenbüchlein, oder Anweiſung zu einer vernünftigen Erziehung der Erzieher 蟹の小本 （我子の惡德） コンラード・キーフェル （我子の美德） 蟻の小本 （敎育者の敎師）[Crab's Booklet (Your Children's Guide to Bad Conduct). Konrad Kiefer (Your Children's Guide to Good Conduct). Ant's Booklet (A Guide for Educators)]. 新譯世界敎育名著叢書 (in Japanese). Vol.X. Translated by Tasei, Sukeshige. Ushigome, Tokyo: Bunkyoshoin. p.138. Er hat auch wirklich bei einem Mitmeiſter ſchwarze Kaninchen geſehen, und iſt feſt entſchloſſen, in nächſter Walpurgisnacht eins zu ſtehlen. Da wird man nun ſehen, wie das Ding ablaufen wird. それに、彼れは、實際、近所の人の家で、一疋の黑兎を見たことがありますが、彼れは、こんどの五朔節の前夜には、それをこつそり盜んで來うと決心したのです、それが、彼れから見れば、大變な寳ものなんですから、どうもいたしやうがありません、どうなることか、一つ見てゐませう。 [Besides, he had actually seen a black rabbit at a neighbor's house, and was determined to stealthily steal it on the next Walpurgisnacht. Since it was a great treasure as he saw it, there was nothing else to do, so let us see how that would turn out.]
↑Hamsun, Knut (13 June 1943). "VI" 六. Markens Grøde 土の惠み[Growth of the Soil]. 新潮文庫 (in Japanese). Vol.1. Translated by Miyahara, Kōichirō. Ushigome, Tokyo: Shinchosha. p.127. — Jeg? spør Oline. Er det mig du mener? — Ja det er dig jeg mener, svarer Inger og graater. Du har været det værste Utskud imot mig og jeg har ingen god Tro om dig. Og desforuten saa vilde du bare stjæle al Ulden ifra os dersom at du kom hit. Og den ene Gjeitosten efter den andre vilde gaa til dit Folk og ikke til mit. — Du er et Kreatur! sa Oline. 「私が？―――あんた、それをしたのが、私だつていふのね？」と、オリーネが訊いた。 「さうさ。おめえだと、わしはいふだ」と、言つて、インゲルは泣いた。「おめえはわしにとつちや一等惡い人間の屑だ。わしは少しもおめえを信用しねえだ。そればかしぢやねえ、おめえが此處ん家さ來うちふのは、羊の毛盜まうちふんだべえ。そして、又山羊の乾酪だつて、おめえん家さ持つて行かれて、おれん家の者は喰はれねえべえ」 「お前は、ど畜生だよ！」と、オリーネが言つた。 ["Me?―――Are you saying it was I who did it?" asked Oline. "Yes. I'm sayin' it was you," said Inger, wailing. "You're a first-grade human scumbag to me. I don't trust you the least. Not only that, you'd steal our wool if you came here. And then you'd get to take the goat cheeses to your people, and mine wouldn't get to eat any." "You foul beast, you are!" said Oline.]
↑Yoshino, Takumi (30 November 2006) [15 October 2005]. 第二章 ラルファスの戦い. レイン 雨の日に生まれた戦士 (in Japanese). Vol.1 (9thed.). AlphaPolis. 「くっ。どうやら遅かったようだ！」 言うなり、ラルファスは鎧をガチャガチャと鳴らして走り出した。遅れじと二人の副官が後に続く。
↑Inoue, Hiroshi (August 2024). 学会の３０年 ～今は亡き人々を偲ぶ. 笑い学研究 笑い学研究 (in Japanese). 31: 4. doi:10.18991/warai.31.0_3. ISSN2423-9054. 同じく副会長であった熊谷富夫氏も忘れがたい人である。長年NHK大阪で､演芸番組をプロデュースし、落語や漫才について造詣の深い人であった。会議の中でも、洒落が口をついて出るという笑い好きでもあった。それに輪を掛けて洒落の得意な人に、先にふれた相羽秋夫氏がいた。二人は、洒落の応酬では、負けじとばかりに火花を散らすことがあった。 [Mr Kumagai Tomio, another vice president, was also an unforgettable man. He produced entertainment programs at NHK Osaka for years, and was deeply learned in rakugo and manzai. He loved to laugh and would crack jokes even in meetings. Even more of a joker was the aforementioned Mr Aiba Akio. The two would exchange jokes and constantly one-up each other at trading verbal blows.]
↑Martin (2004), p.981, 1020–1021. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartin2004 (help)
↑Martin (2004), p.614–615. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartin2004 (help)
↑Kropotkin, Peter (23 June 1931). "II" 二. In Marpon, Charles; Flammarion, Ernest (eds.). LE GOUVERNEMENT REPRÉSENTATIF 歿落の代議政體[The Fallen Representative Government] (in Japanese). Translated by Reclus, Élisée; Ishikawa, Sanshirō. Chitose, Tokyo: Kiogakusha. p.18. Et si nous voulons, lors de la prochaine révolution, laisser les portes grand-ouvertes à la réaction, à la monarchie, peut-être, nous n'avons qu'à confier nos affaires à un gouvernement représentatif, à un ministère armé de tous les pouvoirs qu'il possède aujourd'hui. La dictature réactionnaire, d'abord nuancée de rouge, puis bleuissant à mesure qu'elle se sentira mieux en selle, ne se fera pas attendre. Elle aura à sa disposition tous les instruments de domination: elle les trouvera tout prêts à son service. されば、若し吾々が、來るべき革命に際して、反動の爲に、恐らくは王政の爲に大門戶を開放し置かうと欲するなら、吾々は、代議政府に、今日同政府が有する全政權を以て武裝する內閣に、吾々の事務を委任するに如くはない。最初は赤色を帶び、やがて坐はり心地のよい程度に從て靑色化する反動的獨裁者は、猶豫する必要はないであらう。彼は總ゆる支配機關を自由にすることができるであらう。卽ち彼は總ての道具建が自分の爲に用意されてゐるのを發見するであらう。 [And thus if we, during the coming revolution, wish to leave the doors wide open to reaction, to monarchy perhaps, for us nothing beats confiding our affairs to a representative government, to a cabinet armed with all the powers that that government possesses today. The reactionary dictator, at first tinged with red, then before long turning blue to the extent that he feels comfortable sitting down, will have no need for deferment. He will be able to use at will all the structures for domination, that is, he will find all the instruments readily prepared for him.]
↑Hugo, Victor-Marie (22 September 1919). "William Shakespeare" シエクスピーヤ [Shakespeare]. In ユーゴー全集刊行會 (ed.). ユーゴー全集[The Complete Works of Hugo] (in Japanese). Translated by Honma, Takehiko. Kōjimachi, Tokyo: ユーゴー全集刊行會. p.194. Voulez-vous faire l'Iliade, mettez-vous à la diète. 諸君がイリアツドを作らんと欲せば、先づ斷食をせられよ。
↑Shakespeare, William; Fletcher, John (10 October 1958). "Scene I. Westminster. A street." 第一場 ウェストミンスター。街上。. King Henry VIII ヘンリー八世[Henry VIII]. シェークスピヤ全集 (in Japanese). Translated by Tsubouchi, Shōyō. Bunkyō, Tokyo: Shinjusha. p.60. Heaven has an end in all: yet, you that hear me, This from a dying man receive as certain: Where you are liberal of your loves and counsels, Be sure you be not loose; for those you make friends And give your hearts to, when they once perceive The least rub in your fortunes, fall away Like water from ye, never found again But where they mean to sink ye. 何事にも天意が働いてゐる。しかしながら、諸君よ、これだけは慥かな事だとして、死なんとする者のいふことを聽いておいて下さい。といふのは、深く人を愛して懇切に忠告なぞをなさる場合に、餘り油斷をなさらんやうに。刎頸莫逆の友と雖も一たび君がたが降り坂にさしかゝったなと認めるといふと、水の低きに就くやうに離れ去って、姿を見せなくなりますぞ、君たちを滅さうとでもする時の外は。
↑Lubbock, John (10 September 1918). "CHAPTER III. The Value of Time Each day is a little life." 第三章 時の價値 其の日其の日はこれ短かき一生なり。. The Pleasures of Life 人生の樂事 原文對照譯註詳解 ザ、プレジュアズ、オブ、ライフ講義[The Pleasures of Life: A Detailed Translation with Notes, Parallel with the Original Text] (in Japanese). Translated by Hashimoto, Hiroshi. Koishikawa, Tokyo: Meishinsha. pp.98–99. Suffering may be unavoidable, but no one has any excuse for being dull. And yet some people are dull. They talk of a better world to come, while whatever dulness there may be here is all their own. Sir Arthur Helps has well said: "What! dull, when you do not know what gives its loveliness of form to the lily, its depth of color to the violet, its fragrance to the rose; when you do not know in what consists the venom of the adder, any more than you can imitate the glad movements of the dove. What! dull, when earth, air, and water are all alike mysteries to you, and when as you stretch out your hand you do not touch anything the properties of which you have mastered; while all the time Nature is inviting you to talk earnestly with her, to understand her, to subdue her, and to be blessed by her! Go away, man; learn something, do something, understand something, and let me hear no more of your dulness." 顧ふに困苦災厄は之を避くることが出來ぬかも知れぬ。併し何人と雖も怏々として不景氣な顏をして居つてよいと云ふ道理はないのである。然るに世の中にはさう云ふ者がある。此の種の人は來世のことを云爲する。併し知らなければならぬ，如何に詰らぬ事が現世にあるにしても，其の詰らぬ事は自分で作るのである。サー・アーサー・ヘルプスも言ふて居る。「何とな，世の中が詰らぬとな，それはちよこざいな言ひ分といふものである。何故と云ふに，一體百合の花にか〻る愛らしき形狀を附與し，菫の花にか〻る濃艶な色を附與し，ばらの花にか〻る芳香を附與したもの〻何なるかを汝は知つて居らぬではないか。またまむしの毒の成分の何なりやを知らぬ程度は鳩の快活な擧動を眞似し得ぬと同じほどの程度にあるのではないか。また地といひ，空氣と云ひ，水といひ，これ皆等しく汝には不可解であるのではないか。而して汝が手をさし伸ぶるときに，其の特性を充分理解した物は何一つ手に觸れぬではないか。「かくても尙ほ世の中を詰らぬと云ふ資格ありと思ふか」。然るに一方大自然を見よ。自然は汝をして己れ（自然）と熱心に話をかわさしめんとして，己れを理解せしめんとして，己れを征服せしめんとして，かくて己れより幸福を得せしめんとして，常に汝を御出で御出でと招いて居るのである。請ふ行け，行いて何物かを學び，何物かを爲し，何物かを理解せよ。かくて予に二度と再び世の中が詰らぬとの語を聞かしては吳れな」と。言ひ得て妙と謂ふべしである。
↑Renard, Pierre-Jules (25 August 1959). "La Marmite" なべ [The Pot]. Poil de Carotte にんじん[Carrot Top] (in Japanese). Translated by Kishida, Kunio. Chiyoda, Tokyo: Hakusuisha. p.79. Elle a toujours entendu de l'eau bouillir et, la marmite vidée, qu'il pleuve, qu'il vente ou que le soleil tape, elle l'a toujours remplie. 彼女は、年がら年じゅう、湯がたぎるのを聞き、なべがからっぽになれば、たとえ雨が降ろうが、風が吹こうが、また日が照ろうが、年がら年じゅう、そいつをいっぱいにしてきたのだ。
↑Sands, Lynsay (15 February 2018). "Chapter Two" ２. Sweet Revenge イングランドから来た花嫁 [The Bride from England] (in Japanese). Translated by Sano, Akira. HarperCollins Japan. ISBN978-4-596-91746-1. Still, English or no, Galen could not justify simply attacking the party and killing the woman. What had happened to his wife and child had nothing to do with her. She was as much an innocent as his own wife had been. […] Stealing MacGregor's bride had seemed the perfect solution to Galen at the time. He would get a wife, heirs soon enough, and his revenge on MacGregor in one tidy little raid. Aye, except for her being English it had seemed the perfect solution . . . right up until he had seen how puny and frail she appeared. Then he had begun to think he may have made a grave error. といえば、イングランド娘であろうがなかろうが、その一行に奇襲をかけ、マグレガーの花嫁となる娘を殺すことに正義があるとは、ゲイランには思えなかった。彼の妻とお腹の赤ん坊を見舞った悲劇は、その娘とはなんの関係もない。彼自身の妻がそうだったのと同じくらい、イングランドの娘に罪はないのだ。 […] マグレガーの花嫁を略奪する。この計画は、ゲイランには完璧な解決方法に思えた。そうすれば、彼には新しい妻ができる。跡継ぎもすぐに生まれるだろう。マグレガー城へ向かう一行を奇襲し、花嫁を奪うだけで、復讐が果たせるのだ。 実際、その娘がイングランド人だということを除けば、これは実に申しぶんのない解決方法に思えた。しかし……相手の娘がいかに青白く、ひ弱いかをこの目で見たとたん、彼の自身はゆらいだ。そしてさきほどから、これは重大な誤りだったかもしれない、愚かな真似をしたものだと自分を叱りつづけていたのだった。
↑Miku (31 December 2017). 悪霊の王 [King of the Demons]. 進化の実～知らないうちに勝ち組人生～ [Fruit of Evolution: Living the Life of the Winning Side without Knowing It]. モンスター文庫 (in Japanese). Vol.7. Shinjuku, Tokyo: Futabasha. ただの一般人……いや、地球で最底辺だった俺は、それこそ自分が最弱だったことを知ってるので、今さら俺より強いと言われても、驚きも何もないんだが……。 てか、俺より強かろうが弱かろうが、結局倒さなきゃいけないわけで、全力を尽くす俺からすれば、あんまり関係ないような……。 [I'm only an average guy…… No, as a guy at the bottom of Earth's barrel, I was already painfully aware I'm the weakest one, so now even when I got told someone else's stronger than me, I'm not the least bit surprised……. That said, whether they're stronger or weaker than me, I still have to beat them eventually, so as long as I'm giving it my all, it doesn't really matter…….]
↑Merezhkovsky, Dmitry Sergeyevich (15 November 1952). "Ибсен" イプセン [Ibsen]. Вечные спутники. Портреты из всемирной литературы 永遠の伴侶[The Eternal Companions]. 創元文庫 (in Japanese). Vol.2. Translated by Nakayama, Shōzaburō. Chūō, Tokyo: Sogensha. p.84. Биограф описывает наружность Ибсена: «Он небольшого роста, но тем не менее производит внушительное впечатление. Верхняя часть тела отличается необыкновенной крепостью. Все лицо обрамлено сединами, обильными наперекор его возрасту. Сжатые губы, взгляд, устремленный через очки, и густые брови производят впечатление неустанно напряженной мысли и воли. Над всем возвышается сильный, развитой лоб… Вся фигура производит впечатление боевой силы… Никто не слыхал, чтобы Ибсен когда-нибудь хворал. Даже недуги, составляющие обычное явление в преклонном возрасте, пощадили его. Он весь как бы представляет из себя олицетворенное здоровье. Ни ветер, ни буря, ни холод, ни дождь — ничто не смущает его. Во всем, что он делает, он — воплощенная регулярность. Долго пришлось бы искать кого-нибудь другого, чья жизнь в такой же степени походила бы на часовой механизм». イプセンの伝記者は彼の風貌を次のように描いている、「彼は脊はあまり高くはなかったが、堂々たる感じをもっていた。上体は殊に並々ならぬ強靱さを示していた。顔全体は彼の年齢にふさわしくないほど房々した白髪や白髯に縁どられていた。固く結んだ唇、眼鏡越しに注がれる眼眸、濃い眉毛は倦むことなく張りつめた思想と意志を感じさせる。そのうえに秀でた力づよい、広い額……全体の姿から戦闘的な力が感じられるのである……ついぞ、イプセンが患ったというような話を聞いたことがない。老年の域に達すれば必ずありがちな病気さえ彼には縁がなかったのである。彼は全く健康の化身のようなものであった。風が吹こうと嵐が来ようと、寒さや雨が襲来しようと、――何ものも打撃を与えることはなかった。彼の為した一切のことを見れば彼が秩序というものの化身であったことが察せられる。これほど時計の針のようにきちんとした生涯を送った人を他にさがすとなれば、なかなか容易なことではないであろう。」 [Ibsen's biographer describes his appearance as follows, "He was not very tall, yet bore an imposing aura. His upper body distinctly displayed extraordinary strength. His whole face was framed by gray hair, head and facial, abundant for his age. His tightly closed lips, his gaze fixed through the glasses, and his bushy brows gave the impression of tirelessly strained thought and will. A strong forehead rose prominently above everything…… His whole figure exuded combative strength…… No account of Ibsen being ill was ever heard of. Even the ailments common in old age eluded him. He seemed like the very embodiment of health. Come wind, storm, cold or rain, ――nothing struck him down. Given everything he did, it could be fathomed that he was the embodiment of regularity. It would be no mean feat to find someone else who led a life as regular as clockwork to such extent."]
SCENE XVIII. LES ACTEURS PRÉCÉDENS, SUZANNE. SUZANNE ſon éventail ſur le viſage. LE COMTE.
……Ah! la voici qui ſort. (Il la prend violemment par le bras.) Que croyez-vous, Meſſieurs, que mérite une odieuſe….
SUZANNE ſe jette à genoux la tête baiſſée. LE COMTE.
Non, non.
FIGARO ſe jette à genoux de l'autre côté. LE COMTE plus fort.
Non, non.
MARCELINE ſe jette à genoux devant lui. LE COMTE plus fort.
Non, non.
TOUS ſe mettent à genoux, excepté Brid'oiſon. LE COMTE hors de lui.
Y ſuffiez-vous un cent.第十八場 前場の人物、シュザンヌ （シュザンヌ顏を扇子を蔽ふて出る） 伯爵―⁞⁞あ！ そら、奴、出をつたぢやないか。（彼、彼女の腕を亂暴に引捉む）みんなどう思ふ、こんな極道女は⁞⁞ （シュザンヌ、面を伏せて、その足下に跪く） 伯爵―駄目だ、駄目だ。 （フィガロその側に跪く） 伯爵―（より强く） 駄目だ、駄目だ。 （マルスリイヌ、彼の前に跪く） 伯爵―（より强く） 駄目だ、駄目だ。 （ブリドアゾンを除く一同その周圍に跪く） 伯爵―（我を忘れて） 百人來うと、萬人來うと、駄目つと云つたら駄目なのだ。 [
SCENE XVIII
Characters from the previous scene, Suzanne (Enter Suzanne, covering her face with her fan) The Count—…Ah! There, she is coming out. (He jerks her arm violently) Messieurs, what do ye think, this odious… (Suzanne faces down, kneels at his feet) The Count—No, no. (Figaro kneels on the other side) The Count—(more strongly) No, no. (Marceline kneels before him) The Count—(more strongly) No, no. (All but Brid'oison kneel around him) The Count—(beside himself) Come a hundred or myriad of you, no means no.]
↑Shakespeare, William (15 May 1957). "Scene I. King Lear's palace." 第一場 リヤ王宮殿。. King Lear リヤ王. シェークスピヤ全集 (in Japanese). Translated by Tsubouchi, Shōyō. Bunkyō, Tokyo: Shinjusha. p.8. Reg. Sir, I am made of that self mettle as my sister, And prize me at her worth. In my true heart I find she names my very deed of love; Only she comes too short: that I profess Myself an enemy to all other joys Which the most precious square of sense possesses, And find I am alone felicitate In your dear highness' love.リガ わたくしの心持も姉上と全く同じなのでございます、姉上同樣におぼしめしていたゞいて當然と存じてをります。姉上はわたくしが思ってをる通りをおっしゃったのでございますの、只、少ゥしおっしゃり足りませんばかり。わたくしは、最も大切な感覺の、ありとあらゆる歡樂をも仇敵と斥け、只一へに殿下を愛敬し奉るのを幸福と思うてをりまする。
