Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica. Haplogroup K-M9 is common on all continents except Africa, and is particularly frequent in North Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Europe.
The direct descendants of haplogroup K-M9 are haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT) and haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526).
Origins
Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 52,000 to 54,100 years ago or may be older than 54,300 years ago. Geneticist Spencer Wells had argued that because haplogroup K-M9 has a geographically wide distribution, the lineage probably originated near the central part of this range in the Middle East or South-Central Asia, possibly in Iran or Pakistan, particularly Gilgit-Baltistan.
Basal K-M9* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades. Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia; it is also found in 2% of Italians, with frequencies reaching 8% among the Ladin people. K-M9* was also found in one individual from the Spanishprovince of Castellón with the surname Ferrer, and is common among the Bnei Menashe, a community of Indian Jews who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel.
The primary subclades of haplogroup LT (K1) include haplogroups L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b; both are found at high rates in South Asia, the Middle East, and the Horn of Africa. Some subclades of LT have also been in Europe, at lower rates, since the early Neolithic period (if not earlier).
Basal K2* (K-526) has been identified mostly among indigenous Australian males, about 27% of whom carry basal K-M526*. Indigenous Australians and Papuans also carry subclades of K2b1, namely haplogroups M, also known as K2b1a, and S, also known as K2b1b. M and S are the predominant haplogroups amongst living males from New Guinea. According to Mark Lipson et al. (2014), K2* has also been found at rates of about 14% in two separate groups of Indonesian males: Toba Batak (from North Sumatra) and Mandar (West Sulawesi).
The primary subclades of haplogroup K2 include:
K2a – Detected in ancient human samples including Oase1 (Romania), Ust'-Ishim (Russia), RNI013, RNI087, RNI010 (Germany) and BK-1653 (Bulgaria). Its descendant subclades include haplogroups N and O, which are commonly found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Siberia, and Northern Europe.
K2b – Detected in an ancient human sample (Tianyuan) in Beijing, China. Its descendant subclades include haplogroups M, P, Q, R, and S, which are commonly found in Europe, Central Asia, South Asia, Siberia, Oceania, and the Americas.
K2* (M526) – Found in an estimated 27% of indigenous Australians (based on large scale surveys in which 56% of the samples were assumed to be non-indigenous). According to Mark Lipson et al. (2014), from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America, from his journal: "New statistical genetic methods for elucidating the history and evolution of human populations," K2* (M526) has also been found in Toba-Batak and Mandar in an estimated 14%. Only Toba Batak and Mandar have K2* (M526) from indigenous Sunda land.
K2a* – Found only in the remains of Ust'-Ishim man, dating from approximately 45,000 BP and found in Omsk Oblast, Russia. (These remains were initially classified, erroneously, as K2*.)
K-M2313* – So far found only in one Telugu male and one ethnic Malay, and ancient Oase-1.
NO (M214; a.k.a. K2a2) – The two primary branches of NO include the major haplogroups: • N, which is found mainly in populations across Northern Eurasia (and at lower frequencies in regions including East Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Anatolia, and Southeast Europe) and; • O, which is now numerically dominant among males from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands.
S (B254) – Numerically dominant in the highlands of Papua New Guinea; subclades of S1, such as S1a3 (P315) and S1a1a1 (P308), have also been reported at levels of up to 27% among indigenous Australians, while S1a (P405; previously K2b1a) has also been found at significant levels in other parts of Oceania. S2 (P336; previously K2b1b) has been found on Alor, Timor and Borneo and; S3 (P378; previously K2b1c) found among Aeta people of the Philippines.
R1b – Found in West Europe, Chadic languages, Banjara tribes of India, Hazaras of Pakistan, Armenian Highlands. Found in several Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique Basques of whom it is still common in as well as 13.3% (4): one P probably R1b2 (V88): of Guanches from the Canary Islands, reports of King Tut belonging to R1b, by iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified.
K2e (M147). Highly rare lineage; two cases in South Asia.
References
12Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2021). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. 140 (2): 299–307. Electronic Supplementary Material 2, Sheet 3. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. PMC 7864842. PMID 32666166.
↑Hollard C, Keyser C, Giscard PH, etal. (September 2014). "Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 12: 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012. PMID25016250.
↑Robino C, Varacalli S, Gino S, etal. (October 2004). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios". Forensic Science International. 145 (1): 61–4. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026. PMID15374596.
↑Hirbo, Jibril Boru (2011). Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations (PhD Thesis). hdl:1903/11443.[pageneeded]
↑Sanchez, J.J. (2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis". International Congress Series. 1261: 347–349. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2.
123Nagle, N.; Ballantyne, K. N.; Van Oven, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Xue, Y.; Taylor, D.; Wilcox, S.; Wilcox, L.; Turkalov, R.; Van Oorschot, R. A.; McAllister, P.; Williams, L.; Kayser, M.; Mitchell, R. J.; Genographic, Consortium (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (3): 367–381. Bibcode:2016AJPA..159..367N. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886. PMID26515539.
↑As of 2017, S1a1a1 (P308) – formerly K2b1a1 – included an unnamed subclade, identified by the SNP P60 (and previously by P304, which has been removed by ISOGG as unreliable). S1a1a1 and any sublades have only been found among indigenous Australians.
↑Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID24166809. S2CID23291764.
↑K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
↑ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
↑ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
