Mawson Formation

Mawson Formation
Mawson Formation
Stratigraphic range: Toarcian; ~182–177 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	South Victoria Land, including the main outcrop of the Formation, the Carapace Nunantak, that is located at the NW
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Ferrar Large Igneous Province
Sub-units	Carapace Sandstone Member
Underlies	Kirkpatrick Basalt (In part)
Overlies	Lashly Formation
Area	28.5 km²
Thickness	Up to 400 m
Lithology
Primary	Volcaniclastic mudstone
Other	Volcaniclastic gray & blue mudstone
Location
Coordinates	76°54′S 159°24′E / 76.9°S 159.4°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	60°06′S 46°30′E / 60.1°S 46.5°E
Region	South Victoria Land
Country	Ross Dependency
Extent	Unknown
Type section
Named for	Mawson Peak
Named by	Ballance and Watters, 1971
	Mawson Formation (Antarctica)

The Mawson Formation is a geological formation in Antarctica, dating to roughly between 182 and 177 million years ago and covering the Toarcian stages of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era. Vertebrate remains are known from the formation. The Mawson Formation is the South Victoria Land in the Ross Dependency equivalent of the Karoo Large Igneous Province in South Africa (including the upper Clarens Formation desertic interbeds), as well the Lonco Trapial Formation and the Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina. The Volcanic material was likely sourced from the Antarctic Peninsula's Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group.

Geology

The thin lacustrine interbeds of the Mawson Formation have received several names in literature, being known as either Carapace Sandstone or Carapace Formation, being a series of Freshwater environments developed during times when the Kirkpatrick Basalt stopped invading the zone. The lava flow deposits of the Kirkpatrick Basalt belong to the Ferrar Large Igneous Province, developed in a linear belt along the Transantarctic Mountains, from the Weddell Sea region to North Victoria Land, covering approx. 3,500 km in length. This event was linked with the initial stages of the breakup of the Gondwanan part of Pangea, concretely with the rifting of East Antarctica and Southern Africa, developing a magmatic flow controlled by an Early Jurassic zone of extension related to a triple junction in the proto-Weddell Sea region at approximately 55°S. This eruptions phase includes the Dufek Intrusion, the Ferrar Dolerite sills and dikes, extrusive rocks consisting of pyroclastic strata, and the Kirkpatrick Basalt lava flows, with a total thickness variable, but exceeding 2 km in some places. This Volcanism is not limited to the Antarctica, as it was recorded also in Tasmania and New Zealand, suggesting that these area where connected back then. The Paleovulcanology analysis of the Mawson Formation have recovered Permian and Triassic material, which was eroded by lavas, with the presence of tachylite pyroclasts that imply rapid cooling by interaction with water.

Paleoenvironment

The Mawson Formation was described originally subdivided in two sections, that where identified as separate units. This, is due to a clear differentiation of two kinds of deposits: the so-called "Mawson Tuffs", representing lithified pyroclastic material and the "Carapace sandstones", alluvial/lacustrine, both deposited in a setting defined by Ballance and Watters (1971) as composed by "shallow, northeast flowing, ephemeral streams on a subsiding alluvial plain". The Mawson Formation was thus, heavily influenced by vulcanism, with tuff breccia deposits dropped in a <100 m paleotopography valley in Coombs Hills, probably reduced from previous erosion events, while at Allan Hills a paleovalley of up to 500 m was present. In this paleovalleys, massive production and accumulation of volcanic lahars in lowlands occur, in a similar way to more recent ones of places such as Osceola Mudflow at Mount Rainier. Over this pyroclastic sequences, lacustrine beds developed temporally. Thus, beyond alluvial settings, ancient lakes, with hydrothermal influence, where developed and latter basaltically surrounded thanks to the relationships with the overliying Kirckpatrick Basalt. This deposits mark the locally known "Mawson Time", a section of the sedimentological evolution of the Ferrar Range, where volcanic material deposited in Allan Hills and Coombs Hills, while the Carapace Sandstones hosted an alluvial plain that recovered all the volcanic detritus, being latter flooded and developing a lacustrine ecosystem. The described lacustrine system was, like the "Chacritas Paleolake" of the sister Cañadón Asfalto Formation in Patagonia, developed following the local rift in a similar way to the modern Lake Magadi in the Kenyan Rift Valley, as proven by the discovery of Chert like the one found in this african lake, what suggest that both, Carapace and Chacritas where likely alkaline lakes that had notorious influence of hydrothermal fuids. Other more recent lacustrine/fluvial sequences have been described in new outcrops, like at Suture Bench and SW Gair Mesa, with abundant invertebrate and plant fossils.

The Mawson Formation was developed in a similar way to modern Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley of New Zealand, with Lakes Influenced by Hydrothermal vents. The Carapace Paleolake itself developed like the Lake Magadi in the Kenyan Rift Valley

The Formation includes two main locations: Carapace Nunatak in South Victoria Land, representing a deposit of interbeds dominated by sandstones of fluvial to lacustrine origin. The main outcrop of this location is notorious for the presence of a 37 m Hialoclastite, volcanic material accumulated, likely on a local lake of the same depth. This lake layers, called "Lake Carapace", host the only relatively complete fish remains recovered in the whole formation, and was likely feed by seasonal streams that brought the volcanic materials from sources located far away of the alluvial setting. The "Lake Carapace" also shows temporal exposed paleosoils, with and without roots, as well with muds cracks, indicating seasonal droughts. This lacustrine-type deposit is also found on the second main fossiliferous outcrops of the formation, being in the Queen Alexandra Range in the Central Transantarctic Mountains.

Sedimentary interbeds deposited over lava flows of the Kirkpatrick Basalt during the Early Jurassic splitting of Gondwana represent unusual freshwater paleoenvironments, with hotter conditions that allow to the diversification of the microbes (Archea).

According to Barrett, "...the basalt-dominated Mawson Formation and tholeiitic flows (Kirkpatrick Basalt)...are included in the Ferrar Group." The Mawson Formation consists of diamictites, explosion breccias, and lahar flows, evidence of magma entering water-saturated sediments. The Kirkpatrick Basalts (180 Ma) have interbedded lake sediments with plant and fish fossils.

Fossil content

There abundant Fossils of microorganisms, as members of the group Archea and other who take advantage of the hydrothermal activity The aquatic fauna, dominated by invertebrates, includes a diversity of species complete enough to establish Trophic chains: there are traces of feeding, including a coprolite of uncertain affinity with a fish scale, conchostracan valves with traces of possible biotic borings and palynological residues linked with Ostracodan valves.

Demospongiae

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text
~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Demospongiae? indet.	Indeterminate	Carapace Nunatak	All the sections	Borings in invertebrate valves	Holes of random pattern in valves of Conchostracans, that resemble the boring traces of extant sponges.

Arthropods

Fossil insect wings not described to the genus level are known from the formation. The overall record of local insects include up to 50 specimens all recovered in lacustrine deposits.

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Blattaria indet.	Indeterminate	Carapace Nunatak SW Gair Mesa	Tegmen of a fossil cockroach Complete blattid insect	Indeterminate cockroaches.
Carapacestheria	C. disgregaris C. balli	Carapace Nunatak Mackay Glacier	Carapaces	Diplostraca (Spinicaudatan). The most common fossil animal in the unit.
Caraphlebia	C. antartica	Carapace Nunatak	Wings	A dragonfly of the family Selenothemidae.
Coleoptera indet.	Indeterminate	Carapace Nunatak	Charred fragmentary beetle elytron	Resemblance with archostematids (Schizophoridae, Catiniidae) and some adephagian beetles (Hygrobiidae, Amphizoidae).
Cornia	C. sp. 1 C. sp. 2	Blizzard Heights	Carapaces	Diplostraca (Spinicaudatan). Represents the only Jurassic Records of the genus.
Darwinula	D. spp.	Carapace Nunatak Mackay Glacier	Valves	Freshwater ostracod. The specimens of this genus cannot be identified to species level.
Ephemeroptera indet.	Indeterminate	Carapace Nunatak	Abdominal segments and paired cerci	Indeterminate Mayfly nymphs	Modern mayfly
Hemiptera	Indeterminate	Carapace Nunatak	Abdominal segments and isolated wings	Indeterminate True bugs.
Isopodichnus	I. isp. type A I. isp. type B	Carapace Nunatak	Braided Structures	Interpreted as traces of Notostracans searching for food in the lacustrine bottom
Lepidurus	L. stormbergensis	Carapace Nunatak	Complete Specimens	Notostracan. Represented by specimens much bigger than forms (20 mm compared with smaller 10–12 mm breadth) from South Africa	Extant specimen
Lioestheria	L. doumanii	Blizzard Heights Brimstone Peak	Carapaces	A Freshwater member of Diplostraca (Spinicaudatan). Correlated with coeval East African and Indian lioestheriids
Oribatida indet.	Indeterminate	Storm Peak	Excavated areas filled with coprolites	Mite tunnels. The tunnels where recovered in wood stems, fern rhizomes and petioles.	example of Oribatida mite
Protamphisopus	P. wianamattensis	Carapace Nunatak	Complete Specimens	A Freshwater member of Isopoda. Shows affinities with specimens from the Upper Triassic of New South Wales	Extant Phreatoicus
Scoyenia	S. isp.	SW Gair Mesa	Burrows	Burrow fossils in lacustrine environment, probably made by arthropods
Syncarida indet.	Inderminate	Carapace Nunatak	Complete Specimens	A Freshwater member of Syncarida.	Extant example

Fish

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
Archaeomaenidae indet.	Indeterminate	Storm Peak	One patch of scales Referred Coprolite	A Freshwater member of Archaeomaenidae.
Oreochima	O. ellioti	Storm Peak Blizzard Heights Carapace Nunatak	Various specimens Isolated Scales	A Freshwater archaeomaenid. Represents a rather small genus.

Fungi

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Ceratocystis/Verticicladiella?	C/V.? sp.	Carapace Nunatak	Middle Section	Hyphae	The morphology shown by this hypae and the colonization pattern in the woods resemble that of the extant Verticicladiella wageneri.
Fungi indet.	Indeterminate	Carapace Nunatak	Middle Section	Hyphae	Infestation traces of thick-walled hypae where recovered on Brachyphyllum-type foliage locally
Fungi traces?	Indeterminate	Storm Peak	Middle Section	Galleries? in Valves	Galleries of an infesting organism in conchostracan valves

Plants

Mostly of the samples recovered at Carapace Nunantak are characterised by dominance of the Cheirolepidaceous Classopollis and Corollina. Two taxa, the Araucariaceous Callialasporites dampieri and the Pteridaceae Contignisporites cooksoni are also common palynological residues in local samples. One of the best-preserved fossil flora of the Antarctic. Nearly all the floral remains where recovered from Siliclastic interbeds, being mostly of them Silidified. A large assemblage of fossil trunks, with diameters between 8 and 23 cm and possible arthropod tunnels, are known from Suture Bench.

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
Agathoxylon	A. pseudoparenchymatosum A. sp.	Carapace Nunantak Mt. Fazio, Mesa Range Haban Spur, Mesa Range	Fossil Wood	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.
Alisporites	A. similis A. spp.	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Pollen	Affinities with the families Caytoniaceae, Corystospermaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Umkomasiaceae and Voltziaceae
Aratrisporites	A. sp.	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with Pleuromeiales.
Araucariacites	A. australis	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Pollen	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae.
Baculatisporites	B. comaumensis	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae.
Brachyoxylon	B. sp. cf. B. currumilii B. sp.	Carapace Nunantak Mt. Fazio, Mesa Range	Fossil Wood	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.
Brachyphyllum	B. spp.	Carapace Nunatak	Several isolated Branched Shoots	A member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae. Associated with Classostrobus cones.
Callialasporites	C. dampieri C. segmentatus C. turbatus	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Pollen	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.
Chimaerostrobus	C. minutus	Carapace Nunatak	Single Pollen Cone	Chimaerostrobus is reminiscent of extant Araucariaceae and several extinct taxa such as Kobalostrobus and Voltziales.
Cibotiumspora	C. jurienensis	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae inside Filicopsida.
Cladophlebis	C. oblonga	Carapace Nunantak	Isolated Pinnae	A Fern of the family Osmundaceae.
Classopollis	C. classoides	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Pollen	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.
Classostrobus	C. elliotii	Carapace Nunatak	Five permineralized pollen cones	A member of the Cheirolepidiaceae. More than five Brachyphyllum-type leaves where found in close association with these cones.
Coniopteris	C. hymenophylloides	Carapace Nunantak	Isolated Pinnae	A Fern of the family Polypodiales inside Polypodiidae.
Contignisporites	C. cooksoni	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Spores	Affinities with the Pteridaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Forest ferns from humid ground locations.
Corollina	C. spp.	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Pollen	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.
Cupressacites	C. ramachandrae	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Pollen	Affinities with Cupressaceae.
Cyathidites	C. australis C. minor	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae or Adiantaceae. Arboreal fern spores.
Dictyophyllitides	D. harrisi	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with the family Schizaeaceae, Dicksoniaceae or Matoniaceae.
Dictyozamites	D. sp. cf. minisculus	Carapace Nunatak	Leaflets	A member of Bennettitales.
Elatocladus	E. confertus	Carapace Nunatak	Branched Shoots	A member of the family Cupressaceae. Probably represent belong to the Conifer Austrohamia.
Exesipollenites	E. spp.	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Pollen	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.
Ginkgocycadophytus	G. nitidus	Carapace Nunatak	Pollen	Affinities with the family Karkeniaceae and Ginkgoaceae.
Inaperturopollenites	I. limbatus	Carapace Nunatak	Pollen	Affinities with Cupressaceae.
Ischyosporites	I. crateris	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Spores	Incertade sedis pteridophyte.
Marchantites	M. mawsonii	Carapace Nunantak	Isolated Thalli	A liverwort of the family Marchantiales.
Mixoxylon	M. jeffersonii	Mt. Fazio, Mesa Range	Fossil Wood	Spermatophyte Wood, probably related to Bennettitales or Cycadales and previously known only from Cretaceous strata.
Neoraistrickia	N. spp.	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae. Herbaceous lycophyte flora, similar to ferns, found in humid settings.
Nothodacrium	N. warreni	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak	Cutinised and fertile material	A genus with Resemblance with the extant Dacrydium, yet a more recent work found it to be just a convergently evolved relative of Telemachus.
Osmundacidites	O. senectus O. wellmanii	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.
Otozamites	O. antarcticus	Carapace Nunatak	Leaflets	A member of Bennettitales.
Pagiophyllum	P. spp.	Carapace Nunantak	Single Branched Shoot	A member of the family Araucariaceae.
Pinuspollenites	P. globosaccus	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Pollen	Affinities with the family Pinaceae.
Podosporites	P. variabilis	Carapace Nunatak	Pollen	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.
Podostrobus	P. warrenii	Carapace Nunatak	Single cone	A member of the family Voltziales. Likely represents the cone of the same conifer that produced the Nothodacrium foliage.
Protocupressinoxylon	P. spp.	Coombs Hills Storm Peak Mt. Fazio, Mesa Range	Fossil Wood	A member of the family Cupressaceae.
Protohaploxypinus	P. sp.	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Pollen	Affinities with the family Pinaceae. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.
Polyphacelus	P. stormensis	Storm Peak	Silicified rachides	A Polypodiopsidan of the family Dipteridaceae. Closely related to Clathropteris meniscoides.
Puntactosporites	P. scabratus	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Incertade sedis pteridophyte.
Retitriletes	R. austroclavatidites	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with the Lycopodiaceae.
Sculptisporis	S. moretonensis	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae. "Peat moss" spores.
Striatella	S. seebergensis	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with the Pteridaceae. Forest ferns from humid ground locations.
Todisporites	T. minor	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Affinities with the Pteridaceae. Forest ferns from humid ground locations.
Trilobosporites	T. antiquus	Carapace Nunatak Storm Peak Coalsack Bluff	Spores	Affinities with Dicksoniaceae. Tree fern spores.
Verrucosisporites	V. varians	Carapace Nunatak	Spores	Incertade sedis pteridophyte.
Vitreisporites	V. signatus	Carapace Nunatak	Pollen	Affinities with the Caytoniaceae
Zamites	Z. spp.	Carapace Nunatak	Leaflets	Spermatophyta incertae sedis

References

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↑ Haughton, S.H. (1924). "The fauna and stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series". Annals of the South African Museum. 12 (2): 323–495. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
↑ Elliot, David H.; Tasch, Paul (1967). "Lioestheriid Conchostracans: A New Jurassic Locality and Regional and Gondwana Correlations". Journal of Paleontology. 41 (6): 1561–1563. JSTOR 1302204.
↑ Kellogg, D. W.; Taylor, E. L. (2004). "Evidence of oribatid mite detritivory in Antarctica during the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic". Journal of Paleontology. 78 (6): 1146–1153. Bibcode:2004JPal...78.1146K. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<1146:EOOMDI>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
↑ Borns, H.W.; Ball, H.W (1972). "Mawson tillite, Victoria Land, east Antarctica: reinvestigation continued" (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 4 (32): 173–195. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
1 2 Schaeffer, B. (1971). "Jurassic fishes from Antarctica". Antarctic Journal of the United States. 6 (5): 190–191.
1 2 3 Schaeffer, Bobb (1972). "A Jurassic Fish from Antarctica" (PDF). American Museum of Natural History. 2495 (2): 1–17. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
1 2 Harper, C. J.; Bomfleur, B.; Decombeix, A. L.; Taylor, E. L.; Taylor, T. N.; Krings, M. (2012). "Tylosis formation and fungal interactions in an Early Jurassic conifer from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 175 (4): 25–31. Bibcode:2012RPaPa.175...25H. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.02.006. hdl:2262/96266. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
↑ Harper, C. J.; Taylor, T. N.; Krings, M.; Taylor, E. L. (2016). "Structurally preserved fungi from Antarctica: diversity and interactions in late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic polar forest ecosystems" (PDF). Antarctic Science. 28 (3): 153–173. Bibcode:2016AntSc..28..153H. doi:10.1017/S0954102016000018. hdl:2262/96278. S2CID 54753268.
1 2 3 4 Shang, Y. K. (1997). "Middle Jurassic palynology of Carapace Nunatak, Victoria Land, Antarctica". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 36 (2): 179–200.
↑ Bomfleur, B.; Schneider, J.; Schöner, R.; Viereck-Götte, L.; Kerp, H.; Cooper, A. K.; Raymond, C. R. (2007). "Exceptionally well-preserved Triassic and Early Jurassic floras from North Victoria Land, Antarctica". Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 34 (1): 1–4. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
1 2 Toumoulin, Agathe; Decombeix, Anne-Laure; J. Harper, Carla; Taylor, Edith; Serbet, Rudolph (2016). "Early Jurassic permineralised woods from Carapace Nunatak, South Victoria Land, Antarctica: affinities and paleoenvironmental implications". Palynological Congress and X International Organisation of Paleobotany Conference. 15 (1): 229. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
1 2 Toumoulin, Agathe; Decombeix, Anne-Laure; Harper, Carla J.; Serbet, Rudolph (2023-05-19). "Early Jurassic silicified woods from Carapace Nunatak, South Victoria Land, Antarctica". Fossil Record. 26 (1): 103–115. Bibcode:2023FossR..26..103T. doi:10.3897/fr.26.102570. ISSN 2193-0074.
1 2 3 4 Oh, Changhwan; Woo, Jusun; Philippe, Marc; Bomfleur, Benjamin; Kang, Donghyeok; Lee, Jae-Hyuk; Lee, Jong Ik (2024). "Taxonomic revision of in situ tree trunks and silicified wood from the Early Jurassic Kirkpatrick Basalt in the Mesa Range area, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 105160. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105160. ISSN 0034-6667.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sulkoske, W.C. (1973). "Jurassic microflora from Carapace Nunatak, Antarctica". University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Unpublished Report, Palynology Laboratory. 13 (2): 1–20. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Ribecai, C. (2007). "Early jurassic miospores from ferrar group of carapace nunatak, south victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 144 (2): 3–12. Bibcode:2007RPaPa.144....3R. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.09.005. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
1 2 3 4 Plumstead, E. P. (1955). "Fossil Floras of Antarctica, with an appendix on Antarctic fossil wood by Richard Krüusel". Trans–Antarctic Expedition. 9 (1): 1–154.
1 2 3 4 Townrow, J. A. (1967). "Fossil plants from Allan and Carapace Nunataks, and from the Upper Mill and Shackleton Glaciers, Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 10 (2): 456–473. Bibcode:1967NZJGG..10..456T. doi:10.1080/00288306.1967.10426750. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
1 2 Atkinson, B. A.; Serbet, R.; Hieger, T. J.; Taylor, E. L. (2018). "Additional evidence for the Mesozoic diversification of conifers: Pollen cone of Chimaerostrobus minutus gen. et sp. nov.(Coniferales), from the Lower Jurassic of Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 257 (3): 77–84. Bibcode:2018RPaPa.257...77A. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.06.013. S2CID 133732087.
1 2 3 Plumstead, E.P (1964). "Palaeobotany of Antarctica". Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Antarctic Geology, Cape Town. Amsterdam, North Holland. 1 (2): 637–654.
1 2 3 4 Townrow, J. A. (1967). "Conifer from the Jurassic of east Antarctica" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 101 (2): 137–149. doi:10.26749/RAST7582. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
1 2 Andruchow-Colombo, Ana; Escapa, Ignacio H; Aagesen, Lone; Matsunaga, Kelly K S (2023). "In search of lost time: tracing the fossil diversity of Podocarpaceae through the ages". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 27 (1): 315–336. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boad027. hdl:11336/227952. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
↑ Garland, M. J.; Bannister, J. M.; Lee, D. E.; White, J. D. L. (2007). "A coniferous tree stump of late Early Jurassic age from the Ferrar Basalt, Coombs Hills, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 50 (3): 263–269. Bibcode:2007NZJGG..50..263G. doi:10.1080/00288300709509836. S2CID 129506884.
↑ Yao, X.; Taylor, T. N.; Taylor, E. L. (1991). "Silicified dipterid ferns from the Jurassic of Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 67 (3–4): 353–362. Bibcode:1991RPaPa..67..353Y. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90050-D.
↑ Bomfleur, B.; Kerp, H. (2010). "The first record of the dipterid fern leaf Clathropteris Brongniart from Antarctica and its relation to Polyphacelus stormensis Yao, Taylor et Taylor nov. emend". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 160 (3–4): 143–153. Bibcode:2010RPaPa.160..143B. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.02.003. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[Ross2006-1] 1 2 3 4 Ross, P. S.; White, J. D.; McClintock, M. (2008). "Geological evolution of the Coombs–Allan Hills area, Ferrar large igneous province, Antarctica: Debris avalanches, mafic pyroclastic density currents, phreatocauldrons". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 172 (2): 38–60. Bibcode:2008JVGR..172...38R. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.11.011. Retrieved 24 March 2022.

[Ballance1971-2] 1 2 3 4 Ballance, P.F.; Watters, W.A. (1971). "The Mawson Diamictite and the Carapace Sandstone, formations of the Ferrar Group at Allan Hills and Carapace Nunatak, Victoria Land, Antarctica". N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 14 (3): 512–527. Bibcode:1971NZJGG..14..512B. doi:10.1080/00288306.1971.10421945.

[Burgess2015-3] Burgess, S.D.; Bowring, S.A.; Fleming, T.H.; Elliot, D.H. (2015). "High-precision geochronology links the Ferrar large igneous province with early Jurassic ocean anoxia and biotic crisis". Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 415 (1): 90–99. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.415...90B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.037. Retrieved 7 March 2022.

[Elliot2013-4] Elliot, D.H. (2013). "The geological and tectonic evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains: a review". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 381 (2): 7–35. Bibcode:2013GSLSP.381....7E. doi:10.1144/SP381.14. S2CID 129400231. Retrieved 7 March 2022.

[5] Schöner, R.; Viereck-Goette, L.; Schneider, J.; Bomfleur, B. (2007). "Triassic-Jurassic sediments and multiple volcanic events in North Victoria Land, Antarctica: A revised stratigraphic model". Open-File Report. doi:10.3133/ofr20071047srp102. ISSN 2331-1258.

[HydroDepth-6] 1 2 3 4 5 Stigall, A. L.; Babcock, L. E.; Briggs, D. E. G.; Leslie, S. A. (2008). "Taphonomy of Lacustrine Interbeds in the Kirkpatrick Basalt (Jurassic), Antarctica". PALAIOS. 23 (6): 344–355. Bibcode:2008Palai..23..344S. doi:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-029r. JSTOR 27670515. S2CID 128700143.

[7] Fleming, T.H.; Elliot, D.H.; Foland, K.A.; Heimann, A. (1997). "40Ar/39Ar geo chronology of Ferrar Dolerite sills from the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: Implications for the age and origin of the Ferrar magmatic province". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 109 (2): 533–546. Bibcode:1997GSAB..109..533F. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0533:AAGOFD>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[Volcanoflo-8] 1 2 Elliot, D.H.; Fleming, TH (2004). "Occurrence and dispersal of magmas in the Jurassic Ferrar Large Igneous Province, Antarctica". Gondwana Research. 7 (8): 223–237. Bibcode:2004GondR...7..223E. doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70322-1. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[9] Mortimer, N.; Adams, C.J.; Graham, I.J.; Oliver, P.J.; Palmer, K.; Parkinson, D.; Raine, J.I. (1995). "Ferrar magmatic province rocks discovered in New Zealand: Implications for Mesozoic Gondwana geology". Geology. 23 (1): 185–188. Bibcode:1995Geo....23..185M. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0185:FMPRDI>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[10] Evans, E. E. (1999). Mid Jurassic pyroclastics of the Mawson Formation in the Prince Albert Mountains: products of phreatomagmatism (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University. pp. 1–55. Retrieved 7 August 2023.

[masstu-11] 1 2 Elliot, DH; Hanson, RE (2001). "Origin of widespread, exceptionally thick basaltic phreatomagmatic tuff breccia in the Middle Jurassic Prebble and Mawson formations, Antarctica". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 111 (1): 183–201. Bibcode:2001JVGR..111..183E. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00226-8. Retrieved 28 August 2023.

[HiegerA-12] 1 2 3 4 5 Hieger, T. J.; Serbet, R.; Harper, C. J.; Taylor, E. L.; Taylor, T. N.; Gulbranson, E. L. (2015). "Cheirolepidiaceous diversity: An anatomically preserved pollen cone from the Lower Jurassic of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 220 (3): 78–87. Bibcode:2015RPaPa.220...78H. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.05.003. hdl:2262/96280.

[Bomfleur2011-13] 1 2 3 4 5 Bomfleur, B.; Schneider, J. W.; Schöner, R.; Viereck-Götte, L.; Kerp, H. (2011). "Fossil sites in the continental Victoria and Ferrar groups (Triassic-Jurassic) of north Victoria Land, Antarctica". Polarforschung. 80 (2): 88–99. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[Bradshaw1987-14] 1 2 3 Bradshaw, M.A. (1987). "Additional field interpretation of the Jurassic sequence at Carapace Nunatak and Coombs Hills, south Victoria Land Antarctica". N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 30 (1): 37–49. Bibcode:1987NZJGG..30...37B. doi:10.1080/00288306.1987.10422192.

[Nonmarine-15] Tasch, P.; Gafford, E.L. (1984). "Central Transantarctic Mountains nonmarine deposits". Antarctic Research Series. 36 (6): 75–96. doi:10.1029/AR036p0075. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[Hydrotermal-16] 1 2 3 4 5 Babcock, LE; Leslie, SA; Elliot, DH; Stigall, AL (2006). "The "Preservation Paradox": microbes as a key to exceptional fossil preservation in the Kirkpatrick Basalt (Jurassic), Antarctica" (PDF). The Sedimentary Record. 4 (2): 4–8. doi:10.2110/sedred.2006.4.4. Retrieved 7 March 2022.

[17] Barrett, P.J. (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.). The Devonian to Jurassic Beacon Supergroup of the Transantarctic Mountains and correlatives in other parts of Antarctica, in The Geology of Antarctica. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 122–123, 129, 145. ISBN 0-19-854467-7.

[18] Tingey, R.J. (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.). Mesozoic tholeiitic igneous rocks in Antarctica: the Ferrar (Super) Group and related rocks, in The Geology of Antarctica. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-19-854467-7.

[Norris1965-19] Norris, G. (1965). "Triassic and Jurassic miospores and acritarchs from the Beacon and Ferrar groups, Victoria Land, Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 8 (2): 236–277. Bibcode:1965NZJGG...8..236N. doi:10.1080/00288306.1965.10428110.

[20] Tasch, P. (1974). "Food chain relationship in ancient freshwater ecosystems of Antarctica". Antarctic Journal of the United States. 9 (5): 238–239.

[Traces-21] 1 2 3 4 Tasch, P. (1976). "Jurassic Nonmarine Trace Fossils (Transantarctic Mountains) and the Food Web". Journal of Paleontology. 50 (4): 754–758. JSTOR 1303667.

[Fossilf-22] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Faure, G.; Mensing, T. M. (2010). "The Ferrar Group: Kirkpatrick Basalt". The Transantarctic Mountains. Vol. 3. pp. 373–414. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9390-5_12. ISBN 978-1-4020-8406-5. Retrieved 25 March 2022.

[Cncho2-23] 1 2 3 Tasch, P. (1968). "Quantitative paleolimnology and fossil conchostrancans". Antarctic Journal of the United States. 3 (5): 179–180.

[24] Yanbin, S. (1994). "Jurassic conchostracans from Carapace Nunatak, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica" (PDF). Antarctic Science. 6 (1): 105–113. Bibcode:1994AntSc...6..105Y. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000131. S2CID 128817059. Retrieved 7 March 2022.

[InsectAnta-25] Carpenter, F. M. (1969). "Fossil insects from Antarctica". Harvard University. 76 (3): 418–425. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[Tasch1973-26] 1 2 Tasch, P. (1973). "Jurassic beetle from southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Journal of Paleontology. 47 (2): 590–592. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[27] Tassi, L. V.; Monti, M.; Gallego, O. F.; Zavattieri, A. M.; Lara, M. B. (2013). "The first spinicaudatan (Crustacea: Diplostraca) from Permo-Triassic continental sequences of South America and its palaeoecological context". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (2): 189–201. Bibcode:2013Alch...37..189T. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.736793. hdl:11336/24672. S2CID 129591979.

[28] Tasch, P. (1982). "Experimental valve geothermometry applied to fossil conchostracan valves, Blizzard Heights, Antarctica". Antarctic Geoscience. 4 (1): 661–668. Retrieved 25 March 2022.

[MainFauna-29] 1 2 3 Bail, H.W.; Borns, H.W.; Hau, B.A.; Brooks, H.K.; Carpekier, E.M.; Dblbvoryas, T. (1979). "Biota, age, and significance of lake deposits. Carapace Nunatak, Victoria Land, Antarctica". Fourth International Gondwana Symposium Calcutta, India. 3 (1): 166–175. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[30] Haughton, S.H. (1924). "The fauna and stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series". Annals of the South African Museum. 12 (2): 323–495. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[31] Elliot, David H.; Tasch, Paul (1967). "Lioestheriid Conchostracans: A New Jurassic Locality and Regional and Gondwana Correlations". Journal of Paleontology. 41 (6): 1561–1563. JSTOR 1302204.

[32] Kellogg, D. W.; Taylor, E. L. (2004). "Evidence of oribatid mite detritivory in Antarctica during the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic". Journal of Paleontology. 78 (6): 1146–1153. Bibcode:2004JPal...78.1146K. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<1146:EOOMDI>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 7 August 2023.

[33] Borns, H.W.; Ball, H.W (1972). "Mawson tillite, Victoria Land, east Antarctica: reinvestigation continued" (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 4 (32): 173–195. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[Fishes1-34] 1 2 Schaeffer, B. (1971). "Jurassic fishes from Antarctica". Antarctic Journal of the United States. 6 (5): 190–191.

[schaeffer-35] 1 2 3 Schaeffer, Bobb (1972). "A Jurassic Fish from Antarctica" (PDF). American Museum of Natural History. 2495 (2): 1–17. Retrieved 7 March 2022.

[Harper2012-36] 1 2 Harper, C. J.; Bomfleur, B.; Decombeix, A. L.; Taylor, E. L.; Taylor, T. N.; Krings, M. (2012). "Tylosis formation and fungal interactions in an Early Jurassic conifer from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 175 (4): 25–31. Bibcode:2012RPaPa.175...25H. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.02.006. hdl:2262/96266. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[37] Harper, C. J.; Taylor, T. N.; Krings, M.; Taylor, E. L. (2016). "Structurally preserved fungi from Antarctica: diversity and interactions in late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic polar forest ecosystems" (PDF). Antarctic Science. 28 (3): 153–173. Bibcode:2016AntSc..28..153H. doi:10.1017/S0954102016000018. hdl:2262/96278. S2CID 54753268.

[Pal3-38] 1 2 3 4 Shang, Y. K. (1997). "Middle Jurassic palynology of Carapace Nunatak, Victoria Land, Antarctica". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 36 (2): 179–200.

[Bomfleur2007-39] Bomfleur, B.; Schneider, J.; Schöner, R.; Viereck-Götte, L.; Kerp, H.; Cooper, A. K.; Raymond, C. R. (2007). "Exceptionally well-preserved Triassic and Early Jurassic floras from North Victoria Land, Antarctica". Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 34 (1): 1–4. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[Woods2-40] 1 2 Toumoulin, Agathe; Decombeix, Anne-Laure; J. Harper, Carla; Taylor, Edith; Serbet, Rudolph (2016). "Early Jurassic permineralised woods from Carapace Nunatak, South Victoria Land, Antarctica: affinities and paleoenvironmental implications". Palynological Congress and X International Organisation of Paleobotany Conference. 15 (1): 229. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

[:1-41] 1 2 Toumoulin, Agathe; Decombeix, Anne-Laure; Harper, Carla J.; Serbet, Rudolph (2023-05-19). "Early Jurassic silicified woods from Carapace Nunatak, South Victoria Land, Antarctica". Fossil Record. 26 (1): 103–115. Bibcode:2023FossR..26..103T. doi:10.3897/fr.26.102570. ISSN 2193-0074.

[:2-42] 1 2 3 4 Oh, Changhwan; Woo, Jusun; Philippe, Marc; Bomfleur, Benjamin; Kang, Donghyeok; Lee, Jae-Hyuk; Lee, Jong Ik (2024). "Taxonomic revision of in situ tree trunks and silicified wood from the Early Jurassic Kirkpatrick Basalt in the Mesa Range area, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 105160. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105160. ISSN 0034-6667.

[Palyno1-43] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sulkoske, W.C. (1973). "Jurassic microflora from Carapace Nunatak, Antarctica". University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Unpublished Report, Palynology Laboratory. 13 (2): 1–20. Retrieved 30 March 2022.

[Palyno2-44] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Ribecai, C. (2007). "Early jurassic miospores from ferrar group of carapace nunatak, south victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 144 (2): 3–12. Bibcode:2007RPaPa.144....3R. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.09.005. Retrieved 30 March 2022.

[PlantsA-45] 1 2 3 4 Plumstead, E. P. (1955). "Fossil Floras of Antarctica, with an appendix on Antarctic fossil wood by Richard Krüusel". Trans–Antarctic Expedition. 9 (1): 1–154.

[NunatakFlora-46] 1 2 3 4 Townrow, J. A. (1967). "Fossil plants from Allan and Carapace Nunataks, and from the Upper Mill and Shackleton Glaciers, Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 10 (2): 456–473. Bibcode:1967NZJGG..10..456T. doi:10.1080/00288306.1967.10426750. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[Hieger2015-47] 1 2 Atkinson, B. A.; Serbet, R.; Hieger, T. J.; Taylor, E. L. (2018). "Additional evidence for the Mesozoic diversification of conifers: Pollen cone of Chimaerostrobus minutus gen. et sp. nov.(Coniferales), from the Lower Jurassic of Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 257 (3): 77–84. Bibcode:2018RPaPa.257...77A. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.06.013. S2CID 133732087.

[PlatFosOr-48] 1 2 3 Plumstead, E.P (1964). "Palaeobotany of Antarctica". Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Antarctic Geology, Cape Town. Amsterdam, North Holland. 1 (2): 637–654.

[Noth-49] 1 2 3 4 Townrow, J. A. (1967). "Conifer from the Jurassic of east Antarctica" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 101 (2): 137–149. doi:10.26749/RAST7582. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[reworked-50] 1 2 Andruchow-Colombo, Ana; Escapa, Ignacio H; Aagesen, Lone; Matsunaga, Kelly K S (2023). "In search of lost time: tracing the fossil diversity of Podocarpaceae through the ages". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 27 (1): 315–336. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boad027. hdl:11336/227952. Retrieved 6 August 2023.

[51] Garland, M. J.; Bannister, J. M.; Lee, D. E.; White, J. D. L. (2007). "A coniferous tree stump of late Early Jurassic age from the Ferrar Basalt, Coombs Hills, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 50 (3): 263–269. Bibcode:2007NZJGG..50..263G. doi:10.1080/00288300709509836. S2CID 129506884.

[Yao1991-52] Yao, X.; Taylor, T. N.; Taylor, E. L. (1991). "Silicified dipterid ferns from the Jurassic of Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 67 (3–4): 353–362. Bibcode:1991RPaPa..67..353Y. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90050-D.

[Clat-53] Bomfleur, B.; Kerp, H. (2010). "The first record of the dipterid fern leaf Clathropteris Brongniart from Antarctica and its relation to Polyphacelus stormensis Yao, Taylor et Taylor nov. emend". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 160 (3–4): 143–153. Bibcode:2010RPaPa.160..143B. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.02.003. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

Mawson Formation
Stratigraphic range: Toarcian ~182–177 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
South Victoria Land, including the main outcrop of the Formation, the Carapace Nunantak, that is located at the NW
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Ferrar Large Igneous Province
Sub-units	Carapace Sandstone Member
Underlies	Kirkpatrick Basalt (In part)
Overlies	Lashly Formation
Area	28.5 km²
Thickness	Up to 400 m
Lithology
Primary	Volcaniclastic mudstone
Other	Volcaniclastic gray & blue mudstone
Location
Coordinates	76°54′S 159°24′E / 76.9°S 159.4°E / -76.9; 159.4
Approximate paleocoordinates	60°06′S 46°30′E / 60.1°S 46.5°E / -60.1; 46.5
Region	South Victoria Land
Country	Ross Dependency
Extent	Unknown
Type section
Named for	Mawson Peak
Named by	Ballance and Watters, 1971
Mawson Formation (Antarctica)