Outline of the JavaScript programming language

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to JavaScript:

JavaScript (JS) is a programming language and core technology of the Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Created by Brendan Eich in 1995, it is maintained by Ecma International's TC39 technical committee, with related Web APIs maintained by W3C and WHATWG. In 2025, JavaScript was the most widely used programming language on GitHub. However, TypeScript, a statically typed superset of JavaScript that is stricter about types, overtook JavaScript on GitHub by August 2025.

What type of language is JavaScript?

• Programming language – artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, more so a computer.
  • High-level programming language – a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer, such as having words, making it closer to natural language and easier to use than low-level programming languages (which are much more cryptic).
    • Compiled language – source code is converted (compiled) to an intermediate representation to be run.
      • Interpreted language – bytecode is executed by a virtual machine, which performs just-in-time compilation.
    • Dynamic programming language – allows various operations to be determined and executed at runtime, such as declaring data types, unlike in static languages, where the structure and types are fixed during compiling.
    • Multi-paradigm programming language – A programming paradigm is a relatively high-level way to conceptualize and structure the implementation of a computer program. JavaScript supports many paradigms.
      • Scripting language – programming language that is used for scripting, which is the act of writing a script, which is a relatively short and simple set of instructions which automate an otherwise manual process.
      • Event-driven programming language – the flow of programs is determined by external events, such as inputs from mice, keyboards, touchpads and touchscreens, and external sensors.
      • Imperative programming language – code directly controls execution flow and state change, explicit statements that change a program state
        • Procedural programming language – organized as procedures that call each other
        • Object-oriented programming language – organized as objects that contain both data structure and associated behavior, uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
          • Class-based programming language – supports object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
          • Prototype-based programming language – includes object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
      • Declarative programming language – its code declares properties of the desired result, but not how to compute it, describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes
        • Functional programming language – a desired result is declared as the value of a series of function evaluations, uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
• Dynamic, duck – type checking is performed at runtime.
• Weakly typed language – enforces type rules at runtime.

History of JavaScript

• ECMAScript version history
• Failed proposals
  • AtScript
• Former tools
  • Google Closure Tools
  • JavaScript OSA
  • JavaScript Style Sheets
  • Morfik
• Persons notable for developing JavaScript
  • Douglas Crockford
  • Ryan Dahl
  • Brendan Eich
  • John Resig

Javascript fundamentals

• Userscript
  • Bookmarklet
• Userscript manager
• JavaScript syntax
• JavaScript library

Issues and limits

• Security issues

Specifications of the language

• ECMAScript – this specification defines and standardizes the JavaScript language, such as its vernacular, syntax, and so on.
  • ECMAScript version history
  • Ecma International – the non-profit organization responsible for ECMAScript and many other communication standards.

Where JavaScript works (its runtime environments)

JavaScript works mainly in two main types of runtime environments:

• in web browsers, which power JavaScript from webpages using a JavaScript engine. This is referred to as being client-side.
  • List of JavaScript engines
• on Web servers, referred to as being server-side
  • List of server-side JavaScript implementations

Adaptive web design

Adaptive web design

• CSS framework
• Media queries
• Parallax scrolling
• Progressive enhancement
• Unobtrusive JavaScript

JavaScript toolchain

• Google Web Toolkit
• WebSharper

General JavaScript concepts

• JavaScript templating
• CommonJS
• Comparison of JavaScript charting libraries
• CSS-in-JS
• Immediately invoked function expression
• Isomorphic JavaScript
• Prototype pollution
• Unobtrusive JavaScript
• Variable hoisting

JavaScript dialects and related languages

JavaScript organizations

• OpenJS Foundation

JavaScript publications

JavaScript programmers

• Douglas Crockford
• Danny Goodman
• Jeremy Keith
• Laura Lemay
• John Resig
• John Smiley

See also

• Index of JavaScript-related articles
• Comparison of programming languages
• List of programmers
• Outline of computer programming
• Outline of software
• Outline of software engineering

Outlines of other programming languages

• Outline of the C programming language
• Outline of the C sharp programming language
• Outline of the C++ programming language
• Outline of the Java programming language
• Outline of the Perl programming language
• Outline of the Python programming language
• Outline of the Rust programming language

Notes

References

External links

• "JavaScript: The First 20 Years". Retrieved 2022-02-06.