Podolian dialect

Phonetics

• merger of vowels [e], [ɪ] and [o], [ʊ] in an unstressed position: силó [seˈɫɔ], шерóкий [ʃeˈrɔkɪi̯], туб’í [tʊˈbʲi], дуп’íк [dʊˈpʲik];
• lack of transition of [a] into [ɛ], [i] after palatalized consonants (except western varieties);
• lack of palatalization in [r] before vowels: бурáк [bʊˈrɑk], радóк [rɐˈdɔk], расни́й [rɐsˈnɪi̯], зорá [zoˈrɑ], говóру [ɦoˈwɔrʊ] (standard Ukrainian pronunciation - буряк [bʊˈrʲɑk], рядок [rʲɐˈdɔk], рясний [rʲɐsˈnɪi̯], зоря [zoˈrʲɑ], говорю [ɦoˈwɔrʲʊ]);
• palatalization in compounds ки, хи: шпакьи [ʃpɐˈkʲɪ], гріхьи [ɦrʲiˈxʲɪ];
• in southern varieties: lack of palatalization in word-final [t͡s]: хлопец [ˈxɫɔpet͡s], місяц [mʲisʲɐt͡s] (standard Ukrainian - хлопець [ˈxɫɔpet͡sʲ], місяць [ˈmʲisʲɐt͡sʲ]);
• lack of palatalization in [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l] before [i] that stems from etymological [o]: ніс [nis], сік [sik], стіл [stiɫ], лій [lij] (standard Ukrainian [nʲis], [sʲik], [sʲtʲiɫ], [lʲij]);
• insertion of [lʲ], [nʲ] after labial consonants: рипл’áх [repˈlʲɑx], здорóўл’а [zdoˈrɔʊ̯lʲɐ], мн’áсо [ˈmnʲɑsɔ] (standard Ukrainian репʼях [repˈjɑx], здоровʼя [zdɔˈrɔʊ̯jɐ], мʼясо [ˈmjɑsɔ]);
• transition of [v] into [m] in -vn-: рíмний [ˈrimnɪi̯], дамнó [dɐmˈnɔ] (standard Ukrainian рівний [ˈrʲiu̯nɪi̯], давно [dɐu̯ˈnɔ]);
• insertion of consonants [w], [ɦ] before word-initial vowels: госінь [ˈɦɔsʲinʲ], восінь [ˈwɔsʲinʲ], горати [ɦoˈratɪ], ворати [woˈratɪ];
• lack of gemination in consonants: нас’íн’а, кор’íн’а, жит’á;
• lack of palatalization of word-final [t] in verbs: рóбит, нóсит, рóбл’ат, нóс’ат, роб’íт, нос’íт;
• lack of dental consonant transition into sibilants in verb forms: хóд’у, нóс’у, крýт’у, вóд’у.

Morphology

• lack of differentiation between "soft" and "hard" stems in declination of nouns: кон’óв’і, товáришов’і, кон’óм, товáришом, земл’óйу, долóн’ойу, грýшойу, пóлʼом;
• ending of singular feminine nouns in instrumental case is -ою, but in western varieties endings of feminine single nouns in instrumental case have the form -еў or -оў, -ом: землéў, душéў, земл’óў, душóў, земл’óм, душóм;
• in southern varieties single nouns of 3rd declension in genitive have the ending -и: сóли, смéрти; certain nouns in locative case have the ending -ох: у с’íн’ох, у грýд’ох;
• shortening of feminine adjective and possessive pronouns in dative and locative cases: зелéн’і трав’í, на зелéн’і трав’í;
• lack of differentiation between "soft" and "hard" word stems in adjectives: си́ний, дáвний;
• usage of suffix -ішч for creation of comparative forms: добр’íшчий, син’íшчий;
• presence of analytical and synthetic future forms: роби́тиму, бýду роби́ти і бýду роби́ў;
• in western varieties: widespread use of complex past verb forms (роби́лис-мо, роби́лис-те); use of particle ся in pre-word position (де ся ти дíла).
• presence of archaic past tense forms -йем, -йесь, -сьмо, -сьте (ходивйем).
• 2nd declination 3rd person verbs in singular: рóбе, хóде.

Lexical features