Sahih al-Bukhari

Sahih al-Bukhari
Manuscript of Sahih al-Bukhari from the 14/15th-century
AuthorAl-Bukhari
LanguageArabic
SeriesKutub al-Sittah
GenreHadith collection
ISBN978-1-56744-519-0
OCLC47899632
Original textSahih al-Bukhari at Arabic Wikisource

Al-Jāmiʻ-Us Ṣaḥīḥ al-Mukhtaṣar min Umūr Rasūl Allāh ṣallā Allāh ʻalayhi wa-sallam wa-sunanihi wa-ayāmihi, commonly known as Sahih al-Bukhari (Arabic: صحيح البخاري, romanized: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, lit. 'The Authentic [Collection] of al-Bukhari'), is the first hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam. Compiled by Islamic scholar al-Bukhari (d. 870 CE) in the musannaf format, the work is valued by Sunni Muslims alongside Sahih Muslim as the most authentic piece of Islamic text after the Qur'an.

Al-Bukhari organised the book mostly in the Hijaz at the Sacred Mosque of Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque of Medina, and completed the work in Bukhara around 846 CE (232 AH). The work was examined by his teachers Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ali ibn al-Madini, Yahya ibn Ma'in, and others.

Content and structure

Classical hadith scholars provided conflicting hadith counts through manual counting. The most prevalent number today is 7,563, given by the editor Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. ʿAbd al-Sattār critiques this figure, noting that ʿAbd al-Bāqī included several suspended (muʿallaq) and post-Prophetic reports in his count.: 4–5  Various other totals have been proposed. After surveying the various proposed numbers, Khaldūn al-Aḥdab argues that the correct count is 7,208.: 4–5  According to Ibn Ḥajar al-Asqalani, the number of hadith without repetition is 2,602.

The collection contains 153 hadith with multiple chains, 344 corroborating reports (mutābaʿāt), 1,341 suspended reports (muʿallaqāt, in chapter headings), and 1,608 post-Prophetic reports (in chapter headings).: 4–5  The shortest isnāds are 22 hadith with three-narrator chains (including the Companion), while the longest chain consists of nine narrators (with four narrators between al-Bukhārī and the first Companion cited).

Of the hadith in the Ṣaḥīḥ, 55% relate to law (aḥkām); 11% to comportment (ādāb); 11% to history and maghāzī; 7% to hagiography (manāqib); 7% to Qurʾānic exegesis (tafsīr); 4% to heart-softening (riqāq); 4% to theology; and 1% to eschatology (fitan).: 4–5 

The work is divided into 78 chapter (kitāb) titles, though some printed editions contain 19 additional chapters added by ʿAbd al-Bāqī.: 16 

Sources

Classical and modern scholarship agree that al-Bukhārī composed his Ṣaḥīḥ drawing on a mixture of earlier written sources and live oral traditions, though he rarely names his sources explicitly. A modern study concludes that he relied more heavily on written sources than oral ones. Among the notable works he drew upon are: Maghāzī of Mūsā ibn ʿUqba, Jāmiʿ Maʿmar ibn Rāshid, multiple recensions of Mālik's Muwaṭṭaʾ, Al-Shāfiʿī's Umm, Al-Farrāʾ's Maʿānī al-Qurʾān, Maʿmar b. al-Muthannā's Majāz al-Qurʾān, ʿAbd al-Razzāq's Muṣannaf, Ibn Abī Shayba's Muṣannaf, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal's Musnad, multiple works of Abu Ubaid al-Qasim, Al-Humaydi, Ibn Jurayj, and several early tafsīr documents.: 23 

Development

Collection

It is reported that Bukhari traveled widely throughout the Abbasid Caliphate from the age of 16. Bukhari found the earlier hadith collections including both ṣaḥīḥ (authentic, sound) and hasan narrations. He also found that many of them included daʻīf (weak) narrations. This aroused his interest in compiling hadith whose authenticity was beyond doubt.

What further strengthened his resolve was something his teacher and contemporary hadith scholar Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh had told him. Bukhari narrates, "We were with Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh who said, "If only you would compile a book of only authentic narrations of the Prophet." This suggestion remained in my heart so I began compiling the Sahih." Bukhari also said, "I saw the Prophet in a dream and it was as if I was standing in front of him. In my hand was a fan with which I was protecting him. I asked some dream interpreters, who said to me, 'You will protect him from lies'. This is what compelled me to produce the Sahih."

Bukhari imposed four conditions the narrators of a hadith must meet, in order for the narration to be included in his Sahih:

Bukhari began organizing his book in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, before moving to the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina. Bukhari completed writing the book in Bukhara around 846 CE (232 AH), before showing it to his teachers for examination and verification. Ibn Hajar quoted Abu Jaʿfar al-'Uqaili as saying, "after Bukhari had written the Sahih, he showed it to Ali ibn al-Madini, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Yahya ibn Ma'in, as well as others. They examined it and testified to its authenticity with the exception of four hadith." Ibn Hajar then concluded with al-'Uqaili's saying, "And those four are as Bukhari said, they are authentic." Bukhari spent the last twenty-four years of his life visiting other cities and scholars, making minor revisions to his book and teaching the hadith he had collected. In every city that Bukhari visited, thousands of people would gather to listen to him recite traditions.

Transmission

Open book with Arabic text in Naskh style
Single volume of the Sahih al-Bukhari, from the mid-19th century in the Khalili Collection of Islamic Art

Each version of the Sahih is named by its narrator. Ibn Hajar in his book Nukat asserts the number of narrations is the same in each version. There are many books that noted differences between the different versions, the best known being Fath al-Bari. The version transmitted by Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Firabri (died 932), a trusted student of Bukhari, is the most famous version of the Sahih al-Bukhari today. All modern printed version are derived from this version. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi quoted al-Firabri in History of Baghdad: "About seventy thousand people heard Sahih Bukhari with me." al-Firabri is not the only transmitter of Sahih al-Bukhari. Many others narrated the book, including Ibrahim ibn Ma'qal (died 907), Hammad ibn Shakir (died 923), Mansur Burduzi (died 931) and Husain Mahamili (died 941).

One of the Transmissions from Bukhari to present day

Source:

From later to earlier -

  1. Yemani sheikh Ali al-Jifri
  2. Imam Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Saqqāf
  3. Imam ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Ḥibshī
  4. Imam ʿAydarūs ibn ʿUmar al-Ḥibshī
  5. Imam ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad Bāsūdān
  6. Imam ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Bār
  7. Ḥāmid ibn ʿUmar ibn Ḥāmid
  8. Al-Ḥabīb ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAbd Allāh Bā Faqīh
  9. Al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī al-ʿUjaymī and Shaykh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Mithlī
  10. Muḥammad ibn ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Bāblī
  11. Abū al-Najā Sālim ibn Muḥammad al-Samhūrī
  12. al-Najm Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Ghīṭī
  13. Zakariyyā ibn Muḥammad al-Anṣārī
  14. Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī
  15. Ibrāhīm ibn Aḥmad al-Tanūkhī and ʿAbd al-Raḥīm ibn Razīn al-Ḥamawī
  16. Abū al-Faḍl Aḥmad ibn Abī Ṭālib al-Ḥajjār
  17. al-Ḥusayn al-Mubārak al-Zubaydī
  18. Abū al-Waqt ʿAbd al-Awwal ibn ʿĪsā al-Harawī
  19. Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Muẓaffar al-Dāwūdī
  20. Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad al-Sarakhsī
  21. Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar al-Farabrī
  22. Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī

Manuscripts

The number of extant manuscripts of Sahih Bukhari is difficult to assess. An Islamic Manuscripts catalog published in 1991 by Royal Āl al-Bayt Institute lists 2,327 manuscripts of Bukhari, while a 2016 study indicates there are more than 1,500 manuscripts in Turkey alone.: 41 

The oldest known copy is dated 360–390 AH/970–1000 CE, transmitted via the narration of al-Marwazī from al-Firabri from al-Bukhārī. It was first published by the Orientalist Mingana in Cambridge in 1936, consisting of three chapters.: 42  In 2018, Anas Wakāk identified a further section of the same manuscript in the British Library, comprising eighteen chapters. Mingana had attributed the manuscript to the Andalusian scholar al-Aṣīlī; however, in his study of the manuscript, Wakāk concludes that it could not have been written by al-Aṣīlī, on the basis of codicological and paleographical analysis. He instead attributes it to a Mashriqī student of al-Marwazī, most likely Abū al-Ḥasan ibn Baqā.: 24 

The oldest complete surviving manuscript is located at Süleymaniye Library which was completed in Al-Andalus on 3rd Sha'ban 550 AH/2 October 1155 CE. It is based on Abu Dharr’s recension and was compared with several key manuscripts by the scribe and later owners. In 2018, a facsimile edition of the manuscript was published by ISAM.: 16–19 

Other Notable manuscripts includes a copy written by Al-Ṣadafī on 21 Muharram 508 AH/27th June 1114 CE and another by Ibn Sa'ada in 492 AH/1098-1099 CE of which three out of five volumes survive in National Library of Morocco.: 42–46 : 14–16 

Commentaries

Fath al-Bari by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani

The number of detailed commentaries on the Sahih are numbered around 400, Ibn Khaldun said: “Explaining Sahih al-Bukhari is a debt owed by this nation.” As a result, numerous scholars have raced to settle this debt over time, and numerous commentaries on Sahih al-Bukhari have been produced.

Classical commentaries

The six most popular commentaries in history are:

Notable Arabic commentaries & annotations (and other works)

Source:

  1. Ikhtisār Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī wa Bayān Gharībihi, by Al-Qurṭubī (d. 1273).
  2. At-Tanqīḥ li Alfāẓ al-Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ, by Al-Zarkashī (d. 1392).
  3. Taʿlīqāt al-Qārī ʿalā Thulāthiyyāt al-Bukhārī, by Ali Al-Qārī (d. 1606).
  4. Tuḥfat al-Bārī bi Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, by Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī (d. 1520).
  5. Al-Tawdhih by Ibn al-Mulaqqin (d. 1401).
  6. At-Tawshīḥ Sharḥ al-Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ, by Al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505).
  7. At-Talkhīṣ Sharḥ Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ li ’l-Bukhārī, by Al-Nawawī (d. 1277).
  8. Sharḥ Tarājim Abwāb al-Bukhārī, by Imam Shah Waliyyullāh ad-Dihlawī (d. 1762).
  9. ʿAwn al-Bārī bi Ḥalli Adillat al-Bukhārī, by Siddiq Hasan Khan (d. 1890).
  10. Fatḥ al-Bārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, by Imām ibn Rajab al-Hanbalī (d. 1393).
  11. An-Nīrayn fī Sharḥ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥayn by Abū Bakr ibn Al-ʿArabī (d. 1148).
  12. Lami al-Darari by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905).
  13. Fayd al-Bari by Anwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1933)

Name

Few scholars have commented on Bukhari's reasons behind naming the chapters in his Sahih, known as tarjumat al-bab. Ibn Hajar is noted to be one of them. Shah Waliullah Dehlawi had mentioned 14 reasons, later modified by Mahmud al-Hasan to make it 15. Zakariyya Kandhlawi is noted to have found as many as 70, even writing a book on the topic Al-Abwab wa al-Tarajim li Sahih al-Bukhari.

Translations

9-volume Sahih al-Bukhari in English

Sahih al-Bukhari was originally translated into English by Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali and Muhammad Muhsin Khan, titled The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari: Arabic-English (1971), derived from the Arabic text of Fath Al-Bari, published in Egypt. Currently, it is published by Al Saadawi Publications and Darussalam Publishers and is included in the USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. In 2019, the Arabic Virtual Translation Center in New York City published a new, complete English translation titled Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari. Produced by Mohammed Hasan Yousef Arar, this version includes explanatory notes, a comprehensive glossary, and biographies of all the narrators in the isnad (chains of transmission). The final edition was released in February 2025.

Between 1903 and 1914, French orientalists Octave Houdas and William Marçais translated the book into French. Around 1913, Reinfried produced a partial German translation, and in 1935, Muḥammad Esʿad Weis published an English edition with explanatory notes in Kashmiri. In 1928, E. Lévi-Provençal published the Arabic text side-by-side with a French translation. In 1981, Muhammad Hamidullah published a dedicated volume listing errors in Houdas and Marçais's translation, which spanned roughly one-quarter of the book. The book is also available in numerous languages, including Urdu, Bengali, Bosnian, Tamil, Malayalam, Albanian, Malay, and Hindi, among others.

Reception

Muslims regard Sahih al-Bukhari as one of the two most important books among the Kutub al-Sittah alongside the Sahih Muslim, written by al-Bukhari's student Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. The two books are known as the Sahihayn ('The Two Sahihs'). Al-Nawawi wrote about Sahih al-Bukhari, "The scholars, may God have mercy on them, have agreed that the most authentic book after the dear Quran are the two Sahihs of Bukhari and Muslim." Siddiq Hasan Khan (died 1890) wrote, "All of the Salaf and Khalaf assert that the most authentic book after the book of Allah is Sahih al-Bukhari and then Sahih Muslim."

In the Introduction to the Science of Hadith, Ibn al-Salah wrote: "The first to author a Sahih was Bukhari [...], followed by Abū al-Ḥusayn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj an-Naysābūrī al-Qushayrī, who was his student, sharing many of the same teachers. These two books are the most authentic books after the Quran. As for the statement of al-Shafi'i, who said, "I do not know of a book containing knowledge more correct than Malik's book [Muwatta Imam Malik]", [...] he said this before the books of Bukhari and Muslim. "The book of Bukhari is the more authentic of the two and more useful." Ibn al-Salah also quoted Bukhari as having said, "I have not included in the book [Sahih al-Bukhari] other than what is authentic and I did not include other authentic hadith for the sake of brevity." In addition, al-Dhahabi quoted Bukhari as having said, "I have memorized one hundred thousand authentic hadith and two hundred thousand which are less than authentic".

Certain prophetic medicine and remedies espoused in Bukhari, such as cupping, have been noted for being unscientific. Hadith scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, on the basis of archaeological evidence, raised concerns in accepting the hadith at face value which claims that Adam's height was 60 cubits and human height has been decreasing ever since.

In the 2003 book The Idea of Women in Fundamentalist Islam, Lamia Shehadeh used gender studies to critique an ahaad hadith about women's leadership. According to Charles Kurzman, this case raises the question of whether other narrations in Bukhari have been reported incompletely or lack proper context. In 2017, Rachid Aylal, a Quranist, published a book criticizing the Sahih, titled Sahih Al-Bukhari: The End of a Legend. It was banned in Morocco for disturbing spiritual security, due to pressure from Islamists.

On August 29, 2022, Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation has included Sahih al-Bukhari into the federal list of extremist materials (except containing surahs, ayahs and quotes from the Quran) after the Supreme Court of Tatarstan supported the Laishevo District Court's decision to recognize the Sahih as extremist with its appellate ruling of July 5, 2022.

Notes

  1. ↑ lit. 'The Abridged, Authentic, Musnad, Comprehensive Collection concerning the affairs of the Messenger of Allah, Peace and Blessings of Allah be upon him, his Sunnah, and his days'

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zaman, Muntasir (2026). "A 'Lost' Reading of Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī Reconstructed: A Study of Al-Nasafī's Recension of the Ṣaḥīḥ". Journal of Islamic Studies. doi:10.1093/jis/etaf050 – via Oxford Academic.
  2. 1 2 Suryadilaga, Muhammad Alfatih (2014). "Study of Hadith Recital In The Media: Study Of Kitab Al-Bukhari". Fakulti Usuluddin, Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali (UNISSA). Gadong, Brunei Darussalam: 234.
  3. 1 2 al-Aḥdab, Khaldūn (2015). الإمام البخاري وجامعه الصحيح: نظرات في السيرة والمنهج [Imam al-Bukhari and his Sahih: Reflections on Biography and Methodology] (in Arabic) (al-Ṭabʻah al-thāniyah (2nd) ed.). al-Riyāḍ: دار الأمة للنشر والتوزيع / Dār al-Ummah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ. p. 495. OCLC 924383926.
  4. ↑ Alam, T.; Schneider, J. (2020). "Social Network Analysis of Hadith Narrators from Sahih Bukhari". 2020 7th International Conference on Behavioural and Social Computing (BESC). Bournemouth, United Kingdom: IEEE. pp. 1–5. arXiv:2102.02009. doi:10.1109/BESC51023.2020.9348299.
  5. ↑ Al-Bukhari, Muhammad bin Ismail (2021) [1442 AH]. "Introduction of the Book". In Al-Mujan, Abdul Rauf bin Husayn (ed.). Al-Jami' al-Musnad al-Sahih al-Mukhtasar min Umur Rasool Allah salla Allahu 'alayhi wa-sallam wa-Sunanihi wa-Ayyamih (in Arabic) (1st ed.). Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Bayt al-Sunnah lil-Nashr wal-Tawzi'. p. 742. ISBN 978-603-03-5158-9. OCLC 1356437660.
  6. 1 2 Obeid, Shahrazad Moh'd Saleh; Hussein, Faleh Saleh (2023). "Al-Bukhari's Sources". Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology. 17 (3). doi:10.35516/jjha.v17i3.434.
  7. ↑ Sezgin, M. Fuad (1956). Buhârî'nin Kaynakları Hakkında Araştırmalar [A Study of Bukhari’s Sources] (in Turkish). İstanbul: İbrahim Horoz Basımevi.
  8. ↑ "Meaning of sahih". Islamic-Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  9. ↑ Lang, David Marshall, ed. (1971). "Bukhārī". A Guide to Eastern Literatures. Praeger. p. 33. ISBN 9780297002741.
  10. 1 2 "About - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  11. ↑ Fadel, Mohammad (1995). "Ibn Ḥajar's Hady al-Sārī: A Medieval Interpretation of the Structure of al-Bukhārī's al-Jāmiʿ al-Ṣaḥīḥ: Introduction and Translation". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 54 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 171. JSTOR 546299.
  12. 1 2 Arabic Virtual Translation Center (2022). Encyclopedia of Sahih al-Bukhari (9th ed.). New York City: Arabic Virtual Translation Center. ISBN 9780359672653.
  13. ↑ Khan, Muhammad Siddiq. Al Hittah fi Dhikr al-Sihah al-Sittah (in Arabic). Dar al-Jeel. p. 178.
  14. ↑ Hady al-Sari, pg. 684.
  15. ↑ al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. Fath al-Bari (in Arabic). Dar al-Ma'rifa. p. 489.
  16. ↑ Ahmed, Hussain (2020-07-17). "Why Imam al-Firabri: The student of Imam al-Bukhari and transmitter of his Sahih was trustworthy (thiqa)". Darul Tahqiq. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
  17. ↑ "سند الحبيب علي الجفري في رواية الجامع الصحيح" [The chain of transmission of Habib Ali Al-Jifri in the narration of Al-Jami’ Al-Sahih] (in Arabic).
  18. 1 2 3 Ubayd, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim (2005). كتاب روايات ونسخ الجامع الصحيح [The Narrations and Manuscripts of the Sahih] (in Arabic) (1 ed.). Riyadh: Dār Imām al-Daʿwah li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ.
  19. ↑ Aydın, Arafat; Albayrak, Ali (June 2017). "Sahîh-I Buhârî Nüshalarına Dair Yeni Bulgular: Bulak Baskısı, Yûnînî Yazmaları Ve Abdullah B. Sâlim El-Basrî Nüshası". İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi (in Turkish) (35): 1. doi:10.26570/isad.329959. eISSN 2822-2903. ISSN 1301-3289.
  20. ↑ Fuat Sezgin (1991). ʿArafa Mustafa and Saʿid ʿAbd al-Rahim (ed.). Tārīkh al-Turāth al-ʿArabī (in Arabic). Vol. 1. Translated by Mahmoud Fahmy Hegazy. Riyadh: Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University. p. 228.
  21. ↑ Wakak, Anas (June 2018). "التعريف بأقدم نسخة خطية من صحيح البخارى : قطعة منجانا والمتحف البريطانى - دراسة تاريخية توثيقية مقارنة" [Introducing the oldest written copy of Sahih Bukhari: MJJNA and the British Museum - A Comparative Historical Study]. Majallat Lisan al-Muhaddith (in Arabic) (1). Al-Rabitah al-Muhammadiyyah lil-Ulama: 13–82. ISSN 2605-6925. OCLC 1201749161.
  22. 1 2 Zaman, Muntasir (2021). "From Khurasan to al-Andalus: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī in the Maghreb in Light of Two Early Manuscripts". Studies in Hadith Sciences. 2.
  23. ↑ "Facsimile of the oldest Sahih al-Bukhari". Centre for Islamic Studies (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2022-08-12.[permanent dead link]
  24. ↑ "An Overview of Ten Manuscripts of Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī". ahadithnotes.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  25. 1 2 Muhammad al-Bukhari (21 June 2023). Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari. Arabic Virtual Translation Center.
  26. ↑ Sebastian Günther (2008). "In our days, religion has once again become something alien: Al-Khattabi's Critique of the State of Religious Learning in Ten-century Islam". American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. Vol. 25. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). pp. 3–30.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Commentaries of the Six Canonical Books of Ḥadīth – Ulum al-Hadith".
  28. ↑ Jonathan Brown (2007). The Canonization of al-Bukhari and Muslims. Brill Publishers. p. 134. ISBN 9789004158399. The first scholar to produce a commentary on one of the Sahihayn, that of al-Bukhāri, was Abu Sulayman Hamd b. Muhammad al-KhattābI of Bust (d. 388/998).
  29. ↑ Stearns, Justin K. (April 2011). Infectious Ideas: Contagion in Premodern Islamic and Christian Thought in the Western Mediterranean. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9781421401058.
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  31. ↑ Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1997) [1st. pub. 1978]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. IV (Iran-Kha) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 736. ISBN 9004078193.
  32. 1 2 www. besturdubooks.wordpress.com. "Al Abwab Wat Tarajim Li Sahihul Bukhari" – via Internet Archive.
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  35. ↑ al-ʻAsqalānī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī Ibn Ḥajar (1959). Fatḥ al-bārī bi-sharḥ al-Bukhārī. Cairo: Maktabat wa-Maṭbaʻat Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī. OCLC 7902764.
  36. ↑ "Translation of Sahih Bukhari". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
  37. ↑ Kandemir, M. Yaşar (1993). "el-CÂMİU's-SAHÎH". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (in Turkish). Vol. 7. Istanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. pp. 114–123. Retrieved 17 June 2026.
  38. ↑ "Sahih Bukhari - Multiple languages". Australian Islamic Library. Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  39. ↑ "Introduction to Translation of Sahih Bukhari Tathya". International Islamic University Malaysia – Garden of Knowledge and Virtue. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
  40. ↑ "Sahih Muslim - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
  41. ↑ Koenig, Harold G. (2014). Health and well-being in Islamic societies : background, research, and applications. Saad Al Shohaib. Cham [Switzerland]. ISBN 978-3-319-05873-3. OCLC 880374211.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ↑ al-Nawawi, Abu Zakariyya Yahya ibn Sharaf (1972). Al Minhaj, Sharh Sahih Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-Arabi. p. 14.
  43. ↑ Khan, Muhammad Siddiq. Al Hittah fi Dhikr al-Sihah al-Sittah (in Arabic). Dar al-Jeel. p. 225.
  44. 1 2 Introduction to the Science of Hadith (Dar al-Ma’aarif ed.). Dar al-Ma’aarif. pp. 160–169.
  45. ↑ Tadhkirat al-huffaz, vol. 2 pgs. 104-5, al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah edition.
  46. ↑ Leslie, Charles Miller, ed. (1976). Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study (reprint ed.). University of California Press. pp. 57–8. ISBN 9780520035119.
  47. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 6227". Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017. Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "Allah created Adam in His picture, sixty cubits (about 30 meters) in height. When He created him, He said (to him), "Go and greet that group of angels sitting there, and listen what they will say in reply to you, for that will be your greeting and the greeting of your offspring." Adam (went and) said, 'As-Salamu alaikum (Peace be upon you).' They replied, 'AsSalamu-'Alaika wa Rahmatullah (Peace and Allah's Mercy be on you) So they increased 'Wa Rahmatullah' The Prophet added 'So whoever will enter Paradise, will be of the shape and picture of Adam Since then the creation of Adam's (offspring) (i.e. stature of human beings is being diminished continuously) to the present time."
  48. ↑ Islam and the Modern Age, Volume 29. Islam and the Modern Age Society. 1998. p. 39. The hadith, reported by al-Bukhari, to the effect that Adam's height was sixty cubits, has been criticised by Ibn Hajar on the basis of archaeological measurements of the homesteads of some ancient peoples, which show that their inhabitants were not of an abnormal height.
  49. ↑ Zaman, Muntasir (2022). The Height of Prophet Adam: At the Crossroads of Science & Scripture. Afterword by Jonathan A.C. Brown. Oldham, UK: Beacon Books. p. 108. ISBN 978-1915025326.
  50. ↑ Lamia Rustum Shehadeh (2003). The Idea of Women in Fundamentalist Islam. University Press of Florida. p. 229. ISBN 9780813031354.
  51. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 7099". Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016. Narrated Abu Bakr: During the battle of Al-Jamal, Allah benefited me with a Word (I heard from the Prophet). When the Prophet heard the news that the people of the Persia had made the daughter of Khosrau their Queen (ruler), he said, "Never will succeed such a nation as makes a woman their ruler."
  52. ↑ Charles Kurzman (1998). Kurzman, Charles (ed.). Liberal Islam: A Source Book. Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780195116229.
  53. ↑ "Morocco Bans a Book Critical of Al-Bukhari as it Threatens Spiritual Security". 20 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  54. ↑ "رضا يوسف احمودى: بين "القرآنيين" و"البخاريين" حوار أم جدل؟ - رأي اليوم". رأي اليوم. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
  55. ↑ "Ban of "Sahih al-Bukhari" angers Kadyrov". eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu. 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  56. ↑ "search "Sahih" - Federal List of Extremist Materials :: Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation". minjust.gov.ru (in Russian). 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2023-01-17.[permanent dead link]