Toros-Menalla

Toros-Menalla
Stratigraphic range: Messinian
TypeFossil site
Location
Coordinates16°12′N 17°30′E / 16.2°N 17.5°E / 16.2; 17.5
Approximate paleocoordinates14°42′N 17°42′E / 14.7°N 17.7°E / 14.7; 17.7
RegionBorkou
CountryChad
Toros-Menalla is located in Chad
Toros-Menalla
Toros-Menalla (Chad)

Toros-Menalla is a key fossil site in Chad. it contains the remains of a wide range of Miocene species including the early human Sahelanthropus tchadensis. It is located in the Djurab Desert within the intracratonic Chad Basin. The sediments found in the basin are predominately lacustrine, fluviatile and aeolian.

Geology

The lower part of the fossil site consists of very fine white sands. These sands are well rounded, well sorted, matt and frosted and where likely formed by aeolian modeling. Several fossil dunes are known from the site and represent some of the oldest evidence for desert conditions in the area. Their high directionality in paleocurrents suggests the area was mostly influenced by aeolian conditions. Higher layers in the formation produce rhizoliths suggesting that the area became wetter and more vegetated over time.

The middle section of Toros Menalla consists of the anthracotheriid unit. The majority of fossil species in this formation come from this unit, including vertebrates but also termite nests and root ducts. It contains matrix supported sandstone and clay. Changes in the fluvial dynamics of the fossil dunes at the site suggest the expansion of an ancient lake, formed from the same basin as modern Lake Chad into the site. Paleocurents are not only formed by aeolian sediments but include current and oscillation ripples suggesting the coexistence of a variety of habitats. including lacustrine, perilacustrine, and desert environments.

The upper section is entirely lacustrine and mainly consists of crocodiles, fish, and turtles It is made of diatomaceous earth and clay.

Paleontology

The fossil site was first identified by reaserchers from the Mission Pale´oanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne during a 1993 survey. Subsequent excavations produced a wealth of vertabrate fossils including the early human Sahelanthropus, a wealth of carnivores, well preserved termite nests, and a large sample of the anthracothere Libycosaurus. Studies of the fauna suggest that the site is similar in age to the Lothagam Nawata formation, and the As Sahabi site in Libya

Dating of 28 samples of fossil material from Toros Menalla through 10Be/9Be dating suggests that the anthracotheriid unit dates between 6.8 and 7.2 Ma.

Palaeoenvironment

The large diversity of semiaquatic and aquatic taxa in the anthracotheriid unit strongly demonstrates the presence of aquatic environments. Many of the fish found here are very large, over 1 meter, suggesting that the lake system here was quite extensive at the time. The diversity of land mammals here is suggestive of a mosaic of habitats including wooded savanna, grassland, wetlands, and possibly gallery forest, all along the shore of a massive lake.

Fossil Material

Insects

Blattodea

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Coatonichnus C. globosus Hodotermopsidae Nest Traces of large sandstone balls in groups of ten or more Referred to as Hodotermopsidae indt in 2002. Other termite ichnofossils uncommon when present
Vondrichnus V. planoglobus Macrotermitinae Many chambered tunnels, with a flat floor and arched top connected by main tunnel.

Only found arranged horizontally it is unknown if these structures can form vertically

 Affinities uncertain nests are likely Macrotermitinae and are most similar to Acanthotermes acanthothorax.Onion like chambers may be for fungus or waste
Microfavichnus M. alveolatus Macrotermitinae Honeycombed structures, preserved traces of fungus Gardens A termite fungus comb
Termitichnus T. schneideri Macrotermitinae Shelved internal chambers, flat May be connected to Vondrichnus nests

Coleoptera

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Scarabaeidae indt. Scarabaeidae Nest traces Dung traces, often confused with Vondrichnus planoglobus

Bony Fish

Polypteriformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Polypterus P. sp Polypteridae isolated scales, a skull roof, vertebrae A bichir

Osteoglossiformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
cf. Gymnarchus cf. G. niloticus Gymnarchidae isolated teeth the aba, the earliest record of this species in the fossil record
Heterotis cf. H. niloticus Arapaimidae a single opercule Very rare at the site

Cypriniformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
cf. Labeo cf. L. sp Cyprinidae Isolated teeth Scarce remains probably due to fragile skeleton

Characiformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Hydrocynus H. sp Alestidae Hundreds of isolated teeth and some jaw fragments Identified from their distinctive morphology, suggest fish of over a meter in length
Alestinae indt. Alestes/Brycinus Alestidae Two teeth The two genera cannot be separated on tooth morphology alone
Sindacharax S. sp Alestidae Isolated jaws and teeth, one premaxilla No longer found in lake chad, may belong to an undescribed species
? cf.Sindacharax sp. orBunocharax sp. Alestidae Two teeth Does not match teeth from either genus, large blunt uncupsed teeth likely from a molluscivore

Siluriformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Auchenoglanis A. soye Auchenoglanididae fragmentary skulls and a dorsal spine Oldest record of the genus, only known from the Anthracotheriid unit
cf. Clarias cf. C. sp Clariidae partial fin spines and skulls
cf. Clarotes cf. C sp. Claroteidae Skull bones, fin spines, vertebrae Oldest known fossils of the genus
Synodontis S. cf. batensoda Mochokidae Fin spines None of the species present are known form modern Lake Chad
S. cf. schall Fin spines
S. ssp. Skulls and fin spines

Carangiformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Lates L. niloticus Latidae Skull material, vertebrae, fin spines The modern Nile perch, very abundant

Tetraodontiformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Tetraodon T. sp 1 Tetraodontidae Beak elements Some of the oldest freshwater puffers in africa. T. sp 2 somewhat resembles T. lineatus
T. sp 2 Beak elements

Perciformes Incerate Sedis

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Semlikiichthys S. daso Perciformes Incerate Sedis Skull material and vertebrae Formerly thought to be related to the Nile perch, classification uncertian

Reptiles

Squamates

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Colubridae indt. Colubridae
Python P. cf sebae Pythonidae Similar to the modern rock python
Varanus V. sp Varanidae

Turtles

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Trionychidae indt. Trionychidae Abundant skeletal material
Testudinidae indt. Testudinidae Abundant skeletal material

Crocodylians

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Crocodylus C. cf. niloticus Crocodylidae Abundant skeletal material Similar to the modern Nile crocodile
Euthecodon E. cf. nitriae Crocodylidae Abundant skeletal material
Gavialidae gen et sp. nov. Gavialidae Abundant skeletal material

Anseriformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Afrocygnus A. chauvireae Anatidae Wing material A swan, similar in size to C.

atratus
cf. Plectropterus cf. P. sp Anatidae Wing material Similar to the modern spur-winged goose

Suliformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Anhinga A. cf. melanogaster Anhingidae Left humerus Identical in morphology to the living oriental darter
A. cf. pannonica Left humerus Larger then A. cf. melanogaster but otherwise very similar. This species is also known from Europe
A. sp Left and right humerus Intermediate in size between the other Anhinga species so identify uncertain.

Pelecaniformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Ardea A. sp Ardeidae left humerus Similar in size to A. alba
Ephippiorhynchus E. tchoufour Ciconiidae tarsometatarsus 50% larger than modern Ephippiorhynchus, possibly up too 2 m – 2.20 m making it one of the tallest flying birds known.
Ephippiorhynchus/Leptoptilos sp. A, small Ciconiidae tarsometatarsus Similar in size to E. senegalensis, proportions do not allow identification to genus
sp. B, large Limb material Very large, may belong to E. tchoufour or another species of large stork such as L. falconeri
Mycteria M. sp Ciconiidae tibiotarsus Likely a juvenile. Indicates the presence of large trees for nesting in the area
Mycteria / Ciconia. sp Ciconiidae fragmentary coracoid and a femur Similar to both genera, size of M. ibis

Accipitriformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Accipitridae indet. Accipitridae complete pedal phalanx 1 of left digit III Similar in size to Aegypius monachus

Gruiformes

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Balearica B. sp Gruidae femur The earliest representative of a crowned crane in Africa
Heliopais H. cf. personata Heliornithidae right humerus The second known fossil sungrebe. Modern representatives of this species are exclusively Asian Indicative of an open freshwater body with abundant overhanging vegetation
Rallidae / Heliornithidae indet. Rallidae / Heliornithidae ulna matches proportions of both rails and sungrebes, if a rail similar in size to Fulica atra

Mammals

Tubulidentata

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Amphiorycteropus A. abundulafus Orycteropodidae Nearly complete skeleton

Proboscideans

Genera Species Family Material Notes Image
Anancus A. kenyensis Elephantoidea Mandibles teeth and skull material
A. petrocchii? Possible remains of this species. Very large.
Deinotherium D. nov. sp Deinotheriidae
Loxodonta L. cooki Elephantidae Molars similar to L. cooki material from Langebaanweg
L. nov. sp. C.
Primelephas P. korotorensis Elephantidae Teeth and jaw material
Stegodon S. nov. sp. A. Stegodontidae
Stegodibelodon S. schneideri Elephantidae
Stegotetrabelodon S. syrticus Elephantidae

Lagomorphs

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Serengetilagus S. tchadensis Leporidae Skull jaw and limb material Very well preserved, likely from flooding enclosing it in it's burrow

Rodents

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Hystrix H. sp Hystricidae
Arvicanthis A. sp Muridae Molars
Murinae indet. Muridae
Gerbillinae indet. Muridae
Sabara S. oralacus Sciuridae Skull Great preservation likely from being buried in its burrow immediately after death. Ground living species

Primates

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Cercopithecoides C. bruneti Cercopithecidae Skull and jaw fragments partial right forelimb Semi-terrestrial

Carnivorans

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Amphicyonidae indt. Amphicyonidae
Vulpes V. riffautae Canidae mandibular material and teeth The oldest canid found in Africa
Adeliosmilus A. kabir Felidae Jaw, partial skull, humerus
Felidae gen. et sp. indet. A Felidae Mandible Caracal sized cat
Felis F. sp Felidae Near complete skeleton Remains encrusted with sediment making removal and study difficult. Similar to Felis silvestris
Lokotunjailurus L. fanonei Felidae Partial skull Holotype material from this site
Megantereon M. sp Felidae
Tchadailurus T. adei Felidae Partial skeleton and skull May belong to Yoshi instead
Galerella G. sanguinea Herpestidae Teeth
Herpestes H. sp Herpestidae Teeth and jaws Larger than G. sanguinea, probably solitary
Chasmaporthetes C. cf. australis Hyaenidae
Belbus B. djurabensis Hyaenidae Skull and teeth
Werdelinus W. africanus Hyaenidae Fragmantary skull mandibles and teeth
Hyaenictitherium H. minimum Hyaenidae Skull and Limb material
Djourabus D.dabba Mustelidae Jaw fragment A large otter, more robust than

Sivaonyx
Howellictis H. valentini Mustelidae several skulls, vertebrae and limb bone fragments A mellivorine
Lutrinae gen. et sp. indet. cf. Aonyx sp. Mustelidae Femur
Lutrinae gen. and sp. indet. aff. Sivaonyx/Djourabus sp Mustelidae Smaller then either genus so identification uncertain
Lutrinae gen. and sp. indet. aff. Torolutra sp Mustelidae Mandible specialized for fish eating, the mandible is similar in size to Pteronura brasiliensis
Sivaonyx S. beyi Mustelidae Partial skeleton A gigantic otter, one of the largest mustelids known form the fossil record, shows evidence of being more terrestrial than modern species.
Sahelictis S. korei Viverridae Mandible, vertebra and limb material A large Civet
Viverridae gen. et sp Viverridae Mandible, vertebra and limb material

Artiodactyls

Genus Species Family Material Notes Image
Libycosaurus L. petrocchii Anthracotheriidae Skull, vertebrae, limb material One of the most common species at the site representing 14% of all individuals
Paracamelus P. gigas Camelidae Jaw and limb material Found in ‘South Toros Mentalla’, a younger layer than the anthracotheriid unit . The oldest known camel fossil in Africa
Aepyceros A. sp Bovidae
Alcelaphini indt Bovidae
Bovini indt. Bovidae
Gazella G. sp Bovidae
Kobus K. sp Bovidae
Reduncini indet Bovidae
Saheloryx S. solidus Bovidae Horn cores, skulls, and mandibles Many differences in skull structure from Tchadotragus unlikely to be the same species
Tchadotragus T. sudrei Bovidae Horn cores and skull fragments Close to the base of hippotragine with Saheloryx, "medium sized"
Bohlinia B. adoumi Giraffidae Fragmentary skull, mandibles, and ossicones
Giraffa G. jumae Giraffidae
Sivatherium S. cf. hendeyi Giraffidae
Hexaprotodon H. garyam Hippopotamidae Skull, neck vertebrae, and limb material
Nyanzachoerus N. khinzir Suidae Skulls, jaws and teeth Formerly considered to be N. syrticus
N. cf. australis Skulls Found in ‘South Toros Mentalla’, a younger layer than the anthracotheriid unit

Perissodactyls

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Hipparion H. cf. abudhabiense Equidae Highly similar to Upper Miocene material from the United Arab Emirates

Angiosperms

Rosids

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Faboideae indt. Faboideae "liana-like" suggests a forest bordering a lake

Fungi

Agaricales

Genus Species Family Material Notes Images
Termitomyces T. sp Lyophyllaceae Preserved traces of termite fungus Gardens presence suggested through trace fossils of termite nests

References

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