Wayumará language

Wayumara
Wayumara
Waiyamara, Azumara
Native to	Brazil
Region	Roraima
Ethnicity	Wayumara
Extinct	after 1916
Language family	Cariban Guianan Makiritare Wayumara; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	wayu1242
Linguasphere	80-AEB-ba

Wayumara (Waiyamara, Azumara) is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Makiritare branch as a close relative of Ye'kuana, but his classification is outdated. Glottolog groups the language in the Guianan Carib branch, following Girard (1971), in a subgroup with Ye'kuana.

By 1916, two men of the Wayumara had forgotten everything about their previous identity save for their language.

Robert Hermann Schomburgk described the Wayumara and their language as follows:

The Waiyamaras inhabit the banks of the rivers Parima and Kaiyawana or Mocajahi. From what I could learn, their number may amount to three or four hundred. The third parallel of north latitude, and sixty-third degree of west longitude, will point out the principal settlements of their horde. Though their language bears affinities to the Caribisis and Macusis, yet it differs widely on the whole, and their idiom abounds in the sonant g'h, and the labial ph.

References

1 2 3 4 https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Afarabee-1924-caribs/Farabee_1924_TheCentralCaribs_BDCN.pdf
↑ Schomburgk, Robert H. (1848). "Remarks to accompany a comparative vocabulary of eighteen languages and dialects of Indian Tribes inhabiting Guiana". Simmonds's Colonial Magazine. 15: 46–64.
↑ Koch-Grünberg, Theodor (1913). "Abschluß meiner Reise durch Nordbrasilien zum Orinoco, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der von mir besuchten Indianerstämme". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 45 (3): 448–474. ISSN 0044-2666.
↑ Koch-Grunberg, Theodor (1928). Vom Roraima zum Orinoco (in German). Vol. 4. Berlin : Dietrich Reimer (Ernest Vohsen).
↑ Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica, eds. (2012-01-27). "The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide". The Indigenous Languages of South America. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 444. doi:10.1515/9783110258035. hdl:1887/70116. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5.
↑ Kaufman, Terrence (2007). "South America". In Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher (eds.). Atlas of the World's Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 59–94. ISBN 978-0-415-31074-1.
↑ Gildea, Spike (2012-01-13), "Linguistic studies in the Cariban family", in Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America, DE GRUYTER, pp. 441–494, doi:10.1515/9783110258035.441, ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3, retrieved 2025-11-02
↑ "Proto-Carib phonology | Linguistics". lx.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2025-11-02.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2025). "Wayumara". Glottolog 5.2. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Schomburgk, Robert H. (1848). "Remarks to accompany a comparative vocabulary of eighteen languages and dialects of Indian Tribes inhabiting Guiana". Simmonds's Colonial Magazine. 15: 46–64.

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[:0-1] 1 2 3 4 https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Afarabee-1924-caribs/Farabee_1924_TheCentralCaribs_BDCN.pdf

[2] Schomburgk, Robert H. (1848). "Remarks to accompany a comparative vocabulary of eighteen languages and dialects of Indian Tribes inhabiting Guiana". Simmonds's Colonial Magazine. 15: 46–64.

[3] Koch-Grünberg, Theodor (1913). "Abschluß meiner Reise durch Nordbrasilien zum Orinoco, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der von mir besuchten Indianerstämme". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 45 (3): 448–474. ISSN 0044-2666.

[4] Koch-Grunberg, Theodor (1928). Vom Roraima zum Orinoco (in German). Vol. 4. Berlin : Dietrich Reimer (Ernest Vohsen).

[5] Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica, eds. (2012-01-27). "The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide". The Indigenous Languages of South America. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 444. doi:10.1515/9783110258035. hdl:1887/70116. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5.

[6] Kaufman, Terrence (2007). "South America". In Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher (eds.). Atlas of the World's Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 59–94. ISBN 978-0-415-31074-1.

[7] Gildea, Spike (2012-01-13), "Linguistic studies in the Cariban family", in Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America, DE GRUYTER, pp. 441–494, doi:10.1515/9783110258035.441, ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3, retrieved 2025-11-02

[8] "Proto-Carib phonology | Linguistics". lx.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2025-11-02.

[9] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2025). "Wayumara". Glottolog 5.2. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[10] Schomburgk, Robert H. (1848). "Remarks to accompany a comparative vocabulary of eighteen languages and dialects of Indian Tribes inhabiting Guiana". Simmonds's Colonial Magazine. 15: 46–64.