Voiced dental and alveolar taps

Voiced dental tap or flap
Voiced dental tap or flap
ɾ̪
Encoding
X-SAMPA	4_d

Voiced alveolar tap or flap
Voiced alveolar tap or flap
ɾ
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	4
Image

The voiced alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages, examples are Arabic, Bengali, and Greek. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents an alveolar tap or flap is ⟨ɾ⟩. The terms "tap" and "flap" are the same in meaning yet they have different English spellings.

Characteristics

The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is tap. This means that this sound is produced with a single contraction of the muscles. The thing that produces the sound (usually the tongue) touches something else for a very short amount of time.
The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is flap. This means that this sound is produced with a single contraction of the muscles. The thing that produces the sound (usually the tongue) touches something else for a very short amount of time.

Examples

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian	Standard	Shqipëri	[ʃc͡ɕipəˈɾi]	'Albania'	Contrasts with /r/ in all positions.
Arabic	Egyptian	رجل	[ˈɾeɡɫ̩]	'leg'	See Egyptian Arabic phonology.
	Lebanese	إجر	[ˈʔəʒəɾ]	'wages'
	Moroccan	رما / rma	[ɾma]	'he threw'
	South Iraqi	أريد	[ˈaɾiːd]	'I want'
Aragonese		aragonés	[äɾäɣ̞o̞ˈne̞s]	'Aragonese'	Contrasts with /r/.
Armenian	Eastern	րոպե	[ɾo̞pɛ̝́]^ⓘ	'minute'	Contrasts with /r/ in all positions.
Assyrian		ܪܫܐ / rìsha	[ɾiʃa]	'head'
Asturian		hora	[ˈo̞ɾä]	'hour'	Contrasts with /r/.
Azerbaijani		qara / قارا	[ɡɑˈɾɑ]	'black'
Basque		begiratu	[be̞ˈɣ̞iɾäˌt̪u]	'look'	Contrasts with /r/. See Basque phonology.
Bengali		ত্রিশ	[t̪ɾiʃ]	'dear'	Mostly pronounced [ɹ]. But may occur some word-medially and finally against [ɾ]. See Bengali phonology.
Bengali		গাড়ি	[ˈɡɐɾ̠iˑ]	'car'	Apical postalveolar flaps; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology.
Catalan		truc	[ˈtɾuk]	'trick'	Contrasts with /r/. See Catalan phonology.
Danish		nordisk	[ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk]	'Nordic'	Possible realization of intervocalic /d/ between phonetic vowels. See Danish phonology.
Dutch		reden	[ˈɾeːdə(n)]	'reason'	Especially in the region of West Frisia. Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. See Dutch phonology.
English	Cockney	better	[ˈbe̞ɾɐ]	'better'	Intervocalic allophone of /t/. In free variation with [ʔ ~ tʰ ~ tˢ]. See Flapping.
	Australian		[ˈbeɾɐ]		Intervocalic allophone of /t/ and /d/. See Australian English phonology, New Zealand English phonology and Flapping.
	New Zealand		[ˈbeɾɐ]
	Dublin		[ˈbɛɾɚ]^ⓘ		Intervocalic allophone of /t/ and /d/, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be [ɹ] instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See English phonology and Flapping.
	North America
	Ulster
	West Country
	Irish	three	[θɾ̊iː]	'three'	Conservative accents. Corresponds to [ɹ ~ ɻ ~ ʁ] in other accents.
	Scottish				Most speakers. Others use [ɹ ~ r].
	Older Received Pronunciation				Allophone of /ɹ/.
	Scouse				Allophone of /ɹ/.
	South African				Broad speakers. Can be [ɹ ~ r] instead.
Esperanto		Esperanto	[espeˈɾanto]	'one who hopes'	Usually a flap [ɾ], but can be a trilled r, depending on speaker. See Esperanto phonology.
Finnish		rotta	[ˈɾo̞t̪ːɑ]	'rat'	Occurs in Häme (Tampere) dialect, contrasts with r in standard Finnish. See Finnish phonology.
Greek		μηρός / mirós	[miˈɾ̠o̞s̠]	'thigh'	Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of /r/. See Modern Greek phonology.
Gokana		bele	[beːɾ̠eː]	'we'	Apical postalveolar. Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar trill or simply [l] instead.
Hindustani		मेरा/میرا‎	[ˈmeːɾäː]	'my'	Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. See Hindustani phonology.
Hindustani		बड़ा/بڑا	[ˈbɐɾ̠äː]^ⓘ	'big'	Apical postalveolar flaps; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Hindustani phonology.
Hungarian		kar	[ˈkɒɾ]	'arm'	Allophone of /r/. See Hungarian phonology.
Irish		fear	[fʲaɾˠ]	'man'	See Irish phonology.
Italian	Standard	era	[ˈɛːɾä]	'era'	Intervocalic realization of /r/.
Italian	Sicilian	drago	[ˈdɾaːɡu]	'dragon'
Kinyarwanda		u Rwanda	[u‿ɾgwɑːⁿdɑ]	'Rwanda'
Japanese		心 /こころ kokoro	[ko̞ko̞ɾo̞ꜜ]^ⓘ	'heart'	Varies with [ɺ]. See Japanese phonology.
Kazakh		бер / ber	[be̞ɾ]^ⓘ	'give'	In free variation with trilled /r/. See Kazakh phonology.
Korean		여름 / yeoreum	[jʌ̹̀ɾɯ́m]	'summer'	Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/. See Korean phonology.
Kyrgyz		кырк / kyrk	[qɯɾq]^ⓘ	'forty'	See Kyrgyz phonology.
Malay		راتوس / ratus	[ɾä.tos]	'hundred'	Common realization of /r/. May be a trilled [r] or postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠]. See Malay phonology.
Malayalam		വര/vara	[ʋɐɾɐ]	'line' or 'drawing'	See Malayalam phonology
Māori		whare	[ˈɸaɾɛ]	'house'	Sometimes trilled.
Marathi		वारा	[ʋaːɾaː]	'wind'
Nepali		तारा	[t̪äɾä]	'star'	Intervocalic allophone of /r/. See Nepali phonology.
Nepali		भाड़ा	[bʱäɾ̠ä]	'rent'	Apical postalveolar flaps; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/. See Nepali phonology.
Norwegian		bare	[ˈbɑ̂ːɾə]^ⓘ	'only'	May be realised as a trill [r], approximant [ɹ] or uvular [ʀ~ʁ] depending on dialect. See Norwegian phonology.
Odia		ରାତି / rāti	[ɾäti]	'night'
Odia		ଗାଡ଼ି	[ɡäɾ̠iː]	'car'	Apical postalveolar flaps; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.
Polish		który	[ˈkt̪uɾɘ̟]	'which'	Common realization of /r/. See Polish phonology.
Portuguese		prato	[ˈpɾatʊ]	'dish'	Dental to retroflex allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with /ʁ/, with its guttural allophones. See Portuguese phonology.
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਲਾਰਾ	[ˈläːɾäː]	'false promise'	See Punjabi phonology.
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	لارا‎	[ˈläːɾäː]	'false promise'	See Punjabi phonology.
Scottish Gaelic		mòr	[moːɾ]	'big'	Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of r. Often transcribed simply as /r/. The initial unlenited broad form is a trill [rˠ], while the slender form is [ɾʲ] ([ð] in some dialects). See Scottish Gaelic phonology.
Shipibo		roro	[ˈɾ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽]	'to break'	Apical postalveolar; possible realization of /r/.
Spanish		caro	[ˈkaɾo̞]^ⓘ	'expensive'	Contrasts with /r/. See Spanish phonology.
Tagalog		biro	[ˈbiɾɔʔ]	'joke'	See Tagalog phonology.
Tamil		மரம் / maram	[mɐɾɐ́m]^ⓘ	'tree'	See Tamil phonology.
Thai	Some speakers	พระ / phrá	[pʰɾäʔ˦˥]	'monk'
Turkish		ara	[ɑˈɾɑ]^ⓘ	'interval'	Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere. See Turkish phonology.
Turkmen		gara	[ɢɑˈɾɑ]	'black'
Uzbek		ёмғир / yomg‘ir / یامغیر	[ʝɒ̽mˈʁ̟ɨ̞ɾ̪]	'rain'	Denti-alveolar. See Uzbek phonology.
West Coast Bajau		bara'	[ba.ɾaʔ]	'to tell'	Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position.
Wu Chinese	Xuanzhou Wu	銅陵	[ɾom.lin]	'Tongling'	Found in various Xuanzhou localities, with that of Tongling provided. Tones not notated due to complexity of tone sandhi. Equivalent to /d/ in other lects.

Dental

The voiced dental tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɾ̪⟩.

References

↑ Watson (2002:16)
↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
↑ Mazumdar (2000:57)
↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
1 2 Grønnum (2005:157)
1 2 Basbøll (2005:126)
↑ Wells (1982:324–325)
↑ Cox & Palethorpe (2007:343)
↑ Trudgill & Hannah (2002:24)
↑ "Glossary". Retrieved 2021-05-22.
↑ Ogden (2009:114)
1 2 3 Ogden (2009:92)
↑ Wise (1957:?)
↑ Arvaniti (2007:15–18)
1 2 L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
↑ Tiwari (2004:?)
↑ Labrune (2012), p. 92.
↑ Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
↑ Khatiwada, Rajesh (December 2009). "Nepali". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 373–380. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990181. ISSN 1475-3502.
↑ Khatiwada (2009:374)
↑ Kristoffersen, Gjert (2015). "En innføring i norsk fonologi" [An introduction to Norwegian phonology] (PDF) (in Norwegian) (4 ed.). University of Bergen. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24. Retrieved 2020-07-09. I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp
↑ Masica (1991:107)
↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
1 2 Yavuz & Balcı (2011:25)
1 2 Sjoberg (1963:13)
↑ Miller, Mark T. (2007). A Grammar of West Coast Bajau (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. p. 34. hdl:10106/577.
↑ Jiang, Bingbing (2003), 吴语宣州片方言音韵研究, Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, pp. 41–42, ISBN 7-5617-3299-6

[1] Watson (2002:16)

[2] Dum-Tragut (2009:19)

[mazumdar-3] Mazumdar (2000:57)

[4] Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)

[gr157-5] 1 2 Grønnum (2005:157)

[basb126-6] 1 2 Basbøll (2005:126)

[7] Wells (1982:324–325)

[8] Cox & Palethorpe (2007:343)

[9] Trudgill & Hannah (2002:24)

[10] "Glossary". Retrieved 2021-05-22.

[11] Ogden (2009:114)

[Ogden2009-12] 1 2 3 Ogden (2009:92)

[13] Wise (1957:?)

[14] Arvaniti (2007:15–18)

[brosnahan-15] 1 2 L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.

[tiwari-16] Tiwari (2004:?)

[FOOTNOTELabrune201292-17] Labrune (2012), p. 92.

[FOOTNOTEAkamatsu1997106-18] Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.

[19] Khatiwada, Rajesh (December 2009). "Nepali". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 373–380. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990181. ISSN 1475-3502.

[khatiwada374-20] Khatiwada (2009:374)

[21] Kristoffersen, Gjert (2015). "En innføring i norsk fonologi" [An introduction to Norwegian phonology] (PDF) (in Norwegian) (4 ed.). University of Bergen. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24. Retrieved 2020-07-09. I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp

[masica-22] Masica (1991:107)

[23] Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)

[val282-24] 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)

[25] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)

[YavuzBalcı-26] 1 2 Yavuz & Balcı (2011:25)

[Sjoberg-27] 1 2 Sjoberg (1963:13)

[28] Miller, Mark T. (2007). A Grammar of West Coast Bajau (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. p. 34. hdl:10106/577.

[29] Jiang, Bingbing (2003), 吴语宣州片方言音韵研究, Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, pp. 41–42, ISBN 7-5617-3299-6