Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
ɬ
IPA number148
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɬ
Unicode (hex)U+026C
X-SAMPAK
Braille⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)
Voiceless dental lateral fricative
ɬ̪
Voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative
ɬ̠
Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant
l̥
IPA number155 402A
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAl_0
Voiceless dental lateral approximant
l̪̊
IPA number155 408 402A
Voiceless postalveolar lateral approximant
l̠̊
Voiceless velarized or pharyngealized
alveolar lateral approximant
ɫ̥
Audio sample

A voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is [ɬ]. The symbol [ɬ] is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", [ɫ], which transcribes a different sound – the velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L".

A voiceless alveolar lateral approximant is transcribed in IPA as ⟨l̥⟩. In Sino-Tibetan languages, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) argue that Burmese and Standard Tibetan have voiceless lateral approximants [l̥] and Li Fang-Kuei & William Baxter contrast apophonically the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant from its voiced counterpart in the reconstruction of Old Chinese. A voiceless dental or alveolar lateral approximant is found as an allophone of its voiced counterpart in British English and Philadelphia English after voiceless coronal and labial stops, and it is velarized before back vowels; the allophone of /l/ after /k/ is most commonly as a voiceless velar lateral approximant.[failed verification] See English phonology.

Features

Features of a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:

Occurrence

Lateral fricatives are common among indigenous languages of western North America, such as Nahuatl, Tlingit and Navajo, and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar. It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan.

Lateral fricatives are rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh, in which it is written ⟨ll⟩. Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd [ɬʊɨd], Llywelyn [ɬəˈwɛlɨn]) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh ⟨ll⟩ spelling but are pronounced with an /l/ (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with ⟨fl⟩ (pronounced /fl/) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish.

Modern South Arabian languages are known for their apparent archaic Semitic features, especially in their system of phonology. For example, they preserve the lateral fricatives *ś [ɬ] and *ṣ́/ḏ̣ [ɬʼ] of Proto-Semitic. Except for the Modern South Arabian languages, every other extant Semitic language has merged Proto-Semitic *s2 [ɬ] into one of the two other plain sibilants.

The phoneme /ɬ/ was reconstructed for the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate it. It is, however, attested by later developments: /ɬ/ was written with ⟨ש⟩, but the letter was also used for the sound /ʃ/. Later, /ɬ/ merged with /s/, a sound that had been written only with ⟨ס⟩. As a result, three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: /s/ written ⟨ס⟩, /ʃ/ written ⟨ש⟩ (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and /s/ evolving from /ɬ/ and written ⟨ש⟩ (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of ⟨ש⟩ evolving to /s/ from [ɬ] is known based on comparative evidence since /ɬ/ is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam < Greek balsamon < Hebrew baśam). The phoneme /ɬ/ began to merge with /s/ in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic ⟨ש⟩ and ⟨ס⟩, possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew. In all Jewish reading traditions, /ɬ/ and /s/ have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew /ɬ/ has instead merged into /ʃ/.

A [ɬ] sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh, which has the sound) and Quenya (even though this language was mostly inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin, none of which have this sound). In Sindarin, it is written as ⟨lh⟩ initially and ⟨ll⟩ medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written ⟨hl⟩.

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Amis Kangko dialect tipid [tipiɬ̪] 'bowl' Allophonic variation of word-final and sometimes word-initial /ɮ̪/.
Mapudungun kagüḻ [kɜˈɣɘɬ̪͆] 'phlegm that is spit' Interdental; possible utterance-final allophone of /l̪/.
Norwegian Trondheim dialect sælt [s̪aɬ̪t̪] 'sold' Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of /l/. Also described as an approximant. See Norwegian phonology
Sahaptin [ɬqʼɑm] 'moccasins' Contrasts approximant /l/.

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe плъыжь / پ‍‍ݪ‍‍‍ہ‍ژ / płəź [pɬəʑ] 'red'
Ahtna dzeł [tsɛɬ] 'mountain'
Avar лъабго / ڸ‍‍ابگۈ / ļabgo [ˈɬabɡo] 'three'
Basay lanum [ɬanum] 'water'
Berber Ait Seghrouchen altu [æˈɬʊw] 'not yet' Allophone of /lt/.
Brahui تی‍‍ڷ / teļ [t̪eːɬ] 'scorpion' Contrasts /ɬ/ with /l/.
Bunun Isbukun dialect ludun [ɬuɗun] 'mountain' Voiceless allophone of /l/ among some speakers.
Bura batli [batɬi] 'early forenoon (7-9am)' Contrasts with [ɮ] and [𝼆].
Central Alaskan Yup'ik talliq [taɬeq] 'arm'
Cherokee Oklahoma Cherokee tlha, kiihli [(t)ɬá], [ɡiːɬí] 'not', 'dog' In free variation with affricate /tɬ/ among some speakers. Also an alternative pronunciation of voiceless lateral approximant [l̥], a realization of cluster /hl/.
Chickasaw lhipa [ɬipa] 'it is dry'
Chinese Taishanese 三 [ɬäm˧] 'three' Corresponds to [s] in Standard Cantonese
Pinghua
Pu-Xian Min 沙 [ɬua˥˧˧] 'sand'
Chipewyan łue [ɬue] 'fish'
Chukchi [p(ə)ɬekət] 'shoes'
Dahalo [ɬunno] 'stew' Contrasts palatal /𝼆/ and labialized /ɬʷ/.
Damin l*i [ɬ↓ʔi] 'fish' Ingressive with egressive glottalic release
Deg Xinag xindigixidiniłan' [xintikixitiniɬʔanʔ] 'she is teaching them'
Dogrib ło [ɬo] 'smoke' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.
Eyak qeł [qʰɛʔɬ] 'woman' Contrasts approximant /l/.
Fali [paɬkan] 'shoulder'
Forest Nenets хару [xaɬʲu] 'rain' Contrasts palatalized /ɬʲ/.
Greenlandic illu [iɬːu] 'house' Realization of underlying geminate /l/. See Greenlandic phonology
Hadza sleme [ɬeme] 'man'
Haida tla'únhl [tɬʰʌʔʊ́nɬ] 'six'
Halkomelem ɬ'eqw [ɬeqw] 'wet' Attested in at least the Musqueam dialect.
Hla'alua lhatenge [ɬɑtɨŋɨ] 'vegetable'
Hlai [ɬa⁵³~ɬa³³] 'fish' Contrasts voiced approximant /l/.
Hmong 𖬃𖬥 / hli [ɬi˧]ⓘ 'moon'
Inuktitut ᐊᒃᖤᒃ akłak [akɬak] 'grizzly bear' See Inuit phonology
Kabardian лъы / ݪ‍‍‍ہ‍ / ły [ɬə]ⓘ 'blood' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/ and glottalic /ɬʼ/.
Kaska tsį̄ł [tsʰĩːɬ] 'axe'
Kham Gamale Kham ह्ला [ɬɐ] 'leaf'
Khroskyabs ɬ-sá [ɬsá] 'kill' (causative)
Lillooet lhésp [ɬə́sp] 'rash'
Lushootseed łukʷał [ɬukʷaɬ] 'sun'
Mapudungun kaül [kɜˈɘɬ] 'a different song' Possible utterance-final allophone of /l/.
Mehri ڛ‍‍خوف [ɬxoːf] 'milk' Contrasts with /ɬˀ/, /s/ and /ʃ/.
Moloko sla [ɬa] 'cow'
Mongolian лхагва

lhagbha

 [ˈɬaw̜ɐk] 'Wednesday' Only in loanwords from Tibetan; here from ལྷག་པ (lhag-pa)
Muscogee páɬko [pəɬko] 'grape'
Nahuatl āltepētl [aːɬˈtɛpɛːt͡ɬ] 'city' Allophone of /l/
Navajo łaʼ [ɬaʔ] 'some' See Navajo phonology
Nisga'a hloks [ɬoks] 'sun'
Norwegian Trøndersk tatlete [ˈtɑɬɑt] 'weak', 'small' Contrasts alveolar approximant /l/, apical postalveolar approximant /ɭ/, and laminal postalveolar approximant /l̠/.
Nuosu ꆭ hlu [ɬv̩̄ʷ] 'to fry' Contrasts approximant /l/.
Nuxalk plht [p(ʰ)ɬtʰ] 'thick' Contrasts with /t͡ɬʼ/ and /l/.
Saanich ȽEL [ɬəl] 'splash'
Sandawe lhaa [ɬáː] 'goat'
Sassarese morthu [ˈmoɬtu]ⓘ 'dead'
Sawi ڷ‍‍و [ɬo] 'three' Contrasts approximant /l/. Developed from earlier *tr- consonant cluster.
Shehri ع‍‍ݜ‍‍رت [ʕəɬɛret] 'ten' Contrasts with /ɬˀ/, /s/ and /ʃ/.
Shuswap ɬept [ɬept] 'fire is out'[clarification needed]
Sotho ho hlahloba [ho ɬɑɬɔbɑ] 'to examine' See Sotho phonology
Soqotri ڛ‍‍يبب [ɬiːbɛb] 'old' Contrasts with /ɬˀ/, /s/ and /ʃ/.
Swedish Jämtlandic kallt [kaɬt] 'cold' Also occurs in dialects in Dalarna and Härjedalen. See Swedish phonology
Västerbotten dialect behl [beɬː] 'bridle'
Taos łiwéna [ɬìˈwēnæ] 'wife' See Taos phonology
Tera tleebi [ɬè̞ːbi] 'side'
Thao kilhpul [kiɬpul] 'star'
Tlingit lingít [ɬɪ̀nkɪ́t] 'Tlingit'
Trumai atle [aɬe] 'mother'
Toda [kaɬ] 'to learn' Contrasts /l ɬ ɭ ɭ̊˔ (ꞎ)/.
Ukrainian Poltava subdialect молоко [mɔɬɔˈkɔ] 'milk' Occurs only in Poltava subdialect of Central Dniprovian dialect.
Tsez лъи łi [ɬi]ⓘ 'water'
Vietnamese Gin dialect 小 [ɬiu˧] 'small'
Welsh tegell [ˈtɛɡɛɬ] 'kettle' See Welsh phonology
Xhosa sihlala [síˈɬaːla] 'we stay'
Yurok kerhl [kɚɬ] 'earring'
Zulu ihlahla [iɬaɬa] 'twig' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.
Zuni asdemła [ʔastemɬan] 'ten'

Alveolar approximant

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut Western Aleut hlax̂ [l̥aχ] 'boy' Contrasts with voiced /l/. Merged in Eastern Aleut.
Burmese လှ [l̥a̰] 'beautiful' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Danish Standard plads [ˈpl̥æs] 'square' Before /l/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /l/. See Danish phonology
EnglishCardiffplus[pl̥ʌ̝s]'plus'See English phonology
Norfolk
Estonian mahl [mɑ̝hːl̥] 'juice' Word-final allophone of /l/ after /t, s, h/. See Estonian phonology
Faroese hjálpa [jɔl̥pa] 'to help' Allophone of /l/ before fortis plosives.
French peuple [pœpl̥]ⓘ 'people' Devoiced allophone of /l/, occurs after voiceless obstruents. Often gains voicing midway.
Iaai [l̥iʈ] 'black' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Icelandic hlaða [l̥aːða] 'barn' Realisation of underlying /hl/. Allophone of /l/ before fortis plosives and utterance finally. In free variation with the globaly more common fricative.
Kildin Sámi тоӆсэ [ˈtol̥sɛ] 'to keep the flame alive' Contrasts with /l/, /l̥ʲ/, /lʲ/, and /ʎ/.
Northern Sámi Eastern Inland bálkká [pæl̥kæ] 'salary' Allophone of underlying cluster /lh/.
Pipil [example needed] Contrasted voiced /l/ in some now-extinct dialects.
Scottish Gaelic sgailc [s̪kal̥çkʲ] 'blow, knock' Allophone of /l/ before a pre-aspirated plosive.
Southern Nambikwara [haˈlawl̥u] 'cane toad' Allophonic variation of /l/.
Tibetan ལྷ་ས། Lhasa [l̥asa] 'Lhasa'
Ukrainian Standard смисл [s̪mɪs̪l̥] 'sense' Word-final allophone of /l/ after voiceless consonants. See Ukrainian phonology
Xumi Lower [ʁul̥o˦] 'head'
Upper [bə˦l̥ä̝˦] 'to open a lock' Described as an approximant. Contrasts with the voiced /l/.

Velarized dental or alveolar approximant

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
English Some Philadelphia speakersplus[pɫ̥ɯs]'plus'See English phonology
Georgian [example needed] Allophonic
Irish Gaelic Phonemic
Ket Allophonic
Moksha калхт [kal̥ˠt] 'fish' Phonemic, but may be [ɬˠ] instead
Russian [example needed] Allophonic
Scottish Gaelic falt [fɑl̪̊ˠt̪] 'hair' Allophone of /l̪ˠ/ before a pre-aspirated plosive or in word-final position.
Sámi Ter [example needed] Phonemic
Turkish yol [ˈjo̞ɫ̟̊] 'way' Devoiced allophone of velarized dental /ɫ/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants. See Turkish phonology

Voiceless lateral–median fricative

Voiceless alveolar lateral–median fricative
ʪ
θ̠ˡ
Audio sample
Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative
ʪ̪
θˡ

A voiceless alveolar lateral–median fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Arabic Al-Rubūʽah dialect اَلْ‍‍ضَ‍‍يْمْ [aθˡˁːajm] 'anguish' Classical Arabic [ɮˁ] and Modern Standard Arabic [dˤ]
[dialect missing] ظَ‍‍امِئ [ʪæːmiː] 'thirsty' Classical and Modern Standard Arabic [ðˤ]
English Lateral lisp send [ʪɛnd] 'send' Occurs as a replacement for /s/

Capital letter

Capital letter L with belt

Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD. This is distinct from the small capital ⟨𝼄⟩ used for a voiceless velar lateral fricative.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Dark L". home.cc.umanitoba.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Gordon (2004), p. 290.
  3. 1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  4. 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
  5. ↑ Grønnum (2005), p. 154.
  6. ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2014). A Course in Phonetics. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-17718-5.
  7. ↑ McDonough, Joyce (2003). The Navajo Sound System. Cambridge: Kluwer. ISBN 1-4020-1351-5.
  8. ↑ Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–58. ISBN 0-521-45655-X.
  9. ↑ Henry Y., Chang (2000). 噶瑪蘭語參考語法 [Kavalan Grammar]. Taipei: 遠流 (Yuan-Liou). pp. 43–45. ISBN 9573238985.
  10. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 203.
  11. 1 2 Brewster, Jarred (2021). "Language contact and covert prominence in the SḤERĒT-JIBBĀLI language of Oman". Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics: 27.
  12. ↑ Blau (2010:77)
  13. 1 2 Blau (2010:69)
  14. ↑ Rendsburg (1997:73)
  15. ↑ Helge, Fauskanger. "Sindarin – the Noble Tongue". Ardalambion. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  16. ↑ Helge, Fauskanger. "Quenya Course". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  17. ↑ Maddieson & Wright (1995), p. 47.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88, 91.
  19. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 79.
  20. ↑ Vanvik (1979), p. 36.
  21. ↑ Jansen (2010), p. 38.
  22. ↑ Tuttle (2008), p. 464.
  23. ↑ Gippert (2000).
  24. ↑ Dellert et al. (2020).
  25. ↑ Abdel-Massih (2011), p. 20.
  26. ↑ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 77.
  27. ↑ Lin (2018), p. 128.
  28. 1 2 Grønnum (2005), pp. 154–55.
  29. ↑ Blench, Roger. "Bura Dictionary" (PDF). Bura Dictionary. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  30. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 203–04.
  31. ↑ Miyaoka (2012), p. 52.
  32. ↑ Uchihara (2016), p. 42.
  33. ↑ Uchihara (2016), p. 45.
  34. ↑ Gordon, Munro & Ladefoged (2002), p. 287.
  35. ↑ Taishanese Dictionary & Resources
  36. ↑ Li (1946), p. 398.
  37. ↑ Dunn (1999), p. 43.
  38. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 27.
  39. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 41.
  40. ↑ Coleman (1976), p. 8.
  41. ↑ Krauss (2016), p. 167.
  42. ↑ Salminen (2007), p. 365.
  43. ↑ Stefanelli (2019), p. 30.
  44. ↑ Sands, Maddieson & Ladefoged (1993), p. 68.
  45. ↑ Enrico (2003), p. 10.
  46. ↑ Suttles (2004), p. 3.
  47. ↑ Pan (2012), pp. 22–23.
  48. ↑ Pan (2012), p. 169.
  49. ↑ Ostapirat (2008), p. 625.
  50. ↑ Yuan (1994), pp. 1–2.
  51. ↑ Kuipers (1960), p. 18.
  52. ↑ Wilde, Christopher P. (2016). "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. hdl:1885/109195. ISSN 1836-6821.
  53. ↑ Lai, Yunfan (June 2013b). La morphologie affixale du lavrung wobzi (Master's thesis) (in French). Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris III.
  54. ↑ Van Eijk (1997), p. 2.
  55. ↑ Van Eijk (1997), p. 64.
  56. ↑ Beck (1999), p. 2.
  57. ↑ Watson, Janet C.E. (2012). The Structure of Mehri. Harrassowitz. p. 34.
  58. ↑ Svantesson et al. (2005), pp. 30–33.
  59. ↑ Martin (2011), p. 47.
  60. ↑ Endresen & Simonsen (2000), p. 246.
  61. ↑ Edmondson, Esling & Lama (2017), p. 88.
  62. ↑ Montler (1986).
  63. ↑ Liljegren (2009), p. 34.
  64. ↑ Liljegren (2009), p. 31.
  65. ↑ Liljegren (2009), p. 36.
  66. ↑ Bulakh, Maria (1 January 2019). "Soqotri". The Semitic Languages (2nd ed.): 293.
  67. ↑ Tench (2007), p. 228.
  68. ↑ Guirardello-Damian, Raquel (16 January 2023), "24 Trumai", Language Isolates II: Kanoé to Yurakaré, De Gruyter, pp. 1077–1106, doi:10.1515/9783110432732-011, ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2, retrieved 14 September 2026{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  69. ↑ repository.rice.edu https://repository.rice.edu/items/c107b994-526f-43d5-b6db-2186c6dedffb. Retrieved 14 September 2026. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  70. ↑ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
  71. ↑ Кримський Агатангел Юхимович; Синявський О.; Михальчук Костянтин Петрович (1841–1914); Курило Олена Борисівна; Гладкий П.; Бузук П.; Расторгуєв П.; Рудницький Є.; Ahatanhel Krymsky (1929). Український діялектологічний збірник. Кн. I–II.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  72. ↑ Wei (2006), p. 14.
  73. ↑ Hannahs (2013), p. 18.
  74. ↑ Le Doeuff (2020), p. 6.
  75. ↑ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  76. ↑ Poulos & Msimang (1998), p. 480.
  77. ↑ Taff et al. (2001), p. 234.
  78. 1 2 Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
  79. 1 2 Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  80. ↑ Árnason (2011), p. 124.
  81. ↑ Bruni, Jagoda (2011). Sonorant voicing specification in phonetic, phonological and articulatory context (PhD). Stuttgart: Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Universität Stuttgart. pp. 89–90. ad3b85e7-3936-484d-84e5-1d7f6e3571da.
  82. ↑ According to most analyses. The phonemic analyses of modern Icelandic is a matter of great debate, see Icelandic phonology.
  83. ↑ Árnason (2011), p. 110.
  84. ↑ Rögnvaldsson (2017), pp. 41–42.
  85. ↑ Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 154.
  86. 1 2 Aquino (2019), p. 228.
  87. ↑ Mac Gill-Fhinnein (1966), p. 10.
  88. 1 2 3 Netto (2018), p. 127.
  89. 1 2 Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
  90. 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–68.
  91. 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–83.
  92. 1 2 3 "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant lˠ". phoible.org. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  93. ↑ "PHOIBLE 2.0 -". phoible.org. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  94. ↑ "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant l̥ˠ". phoible.org. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  95. ↑ "PHOIBLE 2.0 -". phoible.org. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  96. ↑ Stanford Phonology Archive (2019). Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel (eds.). "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Inventory Ket (SPA 2)". phoible.org. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
  97. ↑ Nikolaev, Dmitry (2019). Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel (eds.). "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Inventory Moksha (Standard) (EA 2243)". phoible.org. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  98. ↑ Bondarko, Lija Vasil'evna (1993). Sovremennye mordovskie jazyki: fonetika [Contemporary Mordvinic languages: Phonetics] (in Russian). Saransk: Mordovskoe kniznoe izdat. p. 203.
  99. ↑ "PHOIBLE 2.0 -". phoible.org. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  100. ↑ Oftedal (1956), p. 99.
  101. ↑ Nikolaev, Dmitry (2019). Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel (eds.). "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Inventory Ter Saami (EA 2494)". phoible.org. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  102. ↑ Tereškin, Sergej N. (2002). Йоканьгский диалект саамского языка [Ter dialect of the Sámi language] (PhD) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А. И. Герцена.
  103. 1 2 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–55.
  104. ↑ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, pp. 122–123
  105. ↑ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
  106. ↑ Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
  107. ↑ Younger speakers distinguish between voiceless [aθˡˁːajm] for emotional pain and voiced [aðˡˁːajm] for physical pain.
  108. ↑ Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt Archived 5 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  109. ↑ "Unicode Character 'Latin Capital Letter L with Belt' (U+A7AD)". www.fileformat.info. FileFormat.Info. Retrieved 20 June 2020.

References

Further reading