Madurese language

Madurese
Bhâsa Madhurâ بّۤاسا مادّۅرۤا ꦧꦱꦩꦢꦸꦫ
Pronunciation	[bʰɤsa maʈʰurɤ]
Native to	Indonesia Malaysia Singapore
Region	Madura Islands (incl. Sapudi, Masalembu), Bawean, and eastern salient of Java
Ethnicity	Madurese Baweanese Pendalungan Madurese [id]
Native speakers	10–13.6 million (2008)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan (?) Madurese
Early forms	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Old Madurese
Standard forms	Sumenep Madurese
Dialects	Madurese dialects
Writing system	Madurese Latin alphabet (Latèn) Pegon script (Pèghu) Javanese script (Carakan)
Official status
Regulated by	Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (in Indonesia)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	mad
ISO 639-3	mad – Standard Madurese
Glottolog	nucl1460
Areas where Madurese is spoken by a majority of the population   Areas where Madurese is spoken by a significant minority of the population
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Madurese (/ˌmædʒʊˈriːz/ MAD-juh-REEZ; Bhâsa Madhurâ, Pegon script: ݒا࣪سا ماڊۅرا࣪, Carakan script: ꦧꦱꦩꦝꦸꦫ, IPA: [bʰɤsa maʈʰurɤ]) is a language of the Madurese people, native to Madura Island and the eastern part of Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely Surabaya, Malang, Gresik, the eastern salient of Java (comprising Pasuruan, Bondowoso, Probolinggo, Situbondo, Jember, Lumajang, and Banyuwangi), the Masalembu Islands, Raas Island, and some on Kalimantan. The number of speakers, although shrinking, is estimated to be approximately 10–13 million, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the country. The Bawean language, which are dialect of Madurese, are also spoken by the Bawean people on Bawean Island, as well as by their descendants in Malaysia and Singapore.

It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Latin script and the Pegon script (based on the Arabic script) are now more commonly used.

Classification

According to K. Alexander Adelaar, Madurese is a Malayo-Sumbawan language of the Malayo-Polynesian language family, a branch of the larger Austronesian language family. Thus, despite apparent geographic spread, Madurese is more related to Kangean, Balinese, Malay, Sasak, and Sundanese, than it is to Javanese, the language used on the island of Java just across from Madura Island.

Links between Bali–Sasak languages and Madurese are more evident with the vernacular form (common form).^{[citation needed]}

Phonology

Latin letters are given according to the 2008 orthography.

Writing system

Morphology

Madurese nouns are not inflected for gender and are pluralized via reduplication. Its basic word order is subject–verb–object. Negation is expressed by putting a negative particle before the verb, adjective or noun phrase. As with other similar languages, there are different negative particles for different kinds of negation.

Vocabulary

Language levels

Madurese, like Sasak, Javanese, and Balinese, also has levels/registers, but they differ slightly in that they are divided into only three:

• Èngghi-Bhunten, is the most polite and refined form of speech used to show respect for the person being spoken to or discussed. This includes addressing parents, elders, teachers, people of higher rank, community leaders, and other respected figures.
• Èngghi-Enten, as described by Davies, "is to be used between social equals who are not well acquainted, husbands to their wives, parents-in-law to their sons- and daughters-in-law, and between buyer and seller in the market; it may also be used among friends and family. It may also be used when an older person addresses a younger person but wants to show some respect due to the relative higher social status of the younger addressee."
• Enjâ'-Iyâ, is a sentence form used in familiar situations among peers or younger people. This is often used in everyday social situations. Enjâ'-Iyâ is not commonly used in first meetings; speakers usually ask permission to use Enjâ'-Iyâ after getting to know each other. With younger speakers or children, Enjâ'-Iyâ is common and acceptable to use without asking permission first.

Example:

• "¿Saponapa arghâèpon pao panèka?" "How much are the mangoes?" (Èngghi-Bhunten)
• "¿Sanapè arghâna paona?" "How much are the mangoes?" (Èngghi-Enten)
• "¿Bârâmpa arghâna paona?" "How much does the mango cost?" (Enjâ'-Iyâ)

Dialects

Madurese language also has dialects spread throughout the region where it is spoken. There are several dialects that are commonly used, such as:

1. Western Madurese
   1. Bangkalan dialect [id] (in Bangkalan)
   2. Sampang dialect [id] (in Sampang)
2. Eastern Madurese
   1. Pamekasan dialect [id] (in Pamekasan)
   2. Sumenep dialect [id] (in Sumenep)
3. Pendalungan Madurese (in eastern salient of Java region; also known as Tapal Kuda)
   1. Banyuwangi dialect [id] (in Banyuwangi)
   2. Bondowoso dialect (in Bondowoso)
   3. Jember dialect (in Jember)
   4. Lumajang dialect [id] (in Lumajang)
   5. Pasuruan dialect [id] (in regency and city of Pasuruan)
   6. Probolinggo dialect (in regency and city of Probolinggo)
   7. Situbondo dialect [id] (in Situbondo)
4. Bawean dialect (in Bawean Island)
   1. Daun subdialect
   2. Kepuhteluk subdialect
   3. Bawean Creole subdialect
   4. Suwari subdialect
5. Islands Madurese
   1. Giliraja–Raas dialect (in Giliraja [id] and Raas Islands)
   2. Sapudi dialect (in Sapudi Island)

The dialect used as the standard form of Madurese is the Sumenep dialect, because in the past Sumenep was the center of the Madurese kingdom and culture. The other dialects are rural dialects that gradually blended with the mobilization of Madurese society. Meanwhile, in the eastern salient of Java, these dialects often mix with Javanese language, and this dialect itself is called the Pendalungan dialect. The Pendalungan Madurese people outside Situbondo, Bondowoso, and the eastern part of Probolinggo, generally master the Javanese language, in addition to the Madurese language.

For example, in the case of the pronoun 'you':

• The word bâ'en 'you' is commonly used in Bangkalan. However, the word bâ'na is used in Sumenep and Bawean.
• The word kakè 'you' is commonly used in eastern part of Bangkalan and Sampang.
• The words hèdâ and sèdâ 'you' are used in rural areas of Bangkalan.

Sample text

From Article 1 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Latin

Sâdhâjâna orèng lahèr mardhika èsarengè dhrâjhât klabân ha'-ha' sè padâ. Sâdhâjâna èparèngè akal sareng nurani bân kodhu areng-sareng akanca kadhi tarètan.

Aksara Pèghu

^{[original research?]} ساڊۤاجۤانا عَورَيڠ لاهَير مارڊيكا عَيسارۤڠَي ڊ‎رۤاجۤات کلابۤان هاء۲ سَي پادۤا. ساڊۤاجۤانا عَيڤارَيڠَي أکال سارۤڠ نوراني كَوڊو أرۤڠ-سارۤڠ أكانچا كاڊي تارَيتان.

Translation

"All Human Beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

References

Bibliography

Madurese edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Madurese.