Uma language

Uma
Uma
Pipikoro
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sulawesi
Native speakers	(20,000 cited 1990)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Celebic Kaili–Pamona Southern Uma; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ppk
Glottolog	umaa1242
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant inventory
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palato- (alveolar)	Retroflex	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ		ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t			k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ		g
	prenasalized	ᵐp	ⁿt	ⁿtʃ		ᵑk
Fricative		β	s				h
Trill			r
Approximant			l	j	(ɭ)

Notes:

/h/ acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels).
/l/ is realized as retroflex [ɭ] contiguous to non-front vowels.
/ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.
In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, /ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced /ns/.
The semivowel [j] is rare, found mainly in loan words.
The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.

Orthographic notes:

/β/ is 'w'
/ɲ/ is 'ny'
/ŋ/ is 'ng'
/j/ is 'y'
/dʒ/ is 'j'
/tʃ/ is 'c'
/ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'

Vowels

**Vowel inventory**
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-Mid	e		o
Open		a

Pronouns

**Pronominals**
	Free	ABS	ERG	GEN
1P (SG)	akuʔ	-a	ku-	-ku
1P (PL.ex)	kaiʔ	-kai	ki-	-kai
1P (PL.in)	kitaʔ	-ta	ta-	-ta
2P (SG)	iko	-ko	nu-	-nu
2P (PL)	koiʔ	-koi	ni-	-ni
3P (SG)	hiʔa	-i	na-	-na
3P (PL)	hiraʔ	-ra	ra-	-ra

Notes:

ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
(SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
[∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
[-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.
In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.

Numerals

The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:

isaʔ
dua
tolu
opoʔ
lima
ono
pitu
walu
sio
hampuluʔ

Classification of Uma varieties

Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.

Bana
Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
Kantewu (= Central Uma)
Aria (= Southern Uma)
Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
Winatu (= Northern Uma)

Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma, noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.

Kantewu (= Central)
Southern
Tolee'
Tobaku
Winatu
Tori'untu

Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.

Sarudu
Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)

References

↑ Uma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
1 2 Martens 1988a, p. 168
↑ Martens, Michael P. (2014), Uma Dialect Word Lists, Sulawesi Language Alliance, pp. 1–2

Bibliography

Martens, Michael (1988a). "Notes on Uma Verbs". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 167–237. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.167. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.
Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. (1988). "Some Notes on the Inelegant Glottal: A Problem in Uma Phonology". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 279–281. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.279. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.

[e18-1] Uma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[Martens_notes_on_Uma_verbs_p168-2] 1 2 Martens 1988a, p. 168

[3] Martens, Michael P. (2014), Uma Dialect Word Lists, Sulawesi Language Alliance, pp. 1–2

Uma
Pipikoro
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sulawesi
Native speakers	(20,000 cited 1990)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Celebic Kaili–Pamona Southern Uma
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`ppk`
Glottolog	`umaa1242`
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.