NavIC

Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)
Logo of NavIC
Country/ies of originIndia
OperatorISRO
Type
StatusOperational
CoverageRegional (up to 1,500 km or 930 mi from borders)
Accuracy3 m or 9.8 ft (public)
2 m or 6 ft 7 in (encrypted)
Constellation size
Nominal satellites7
Current usable satellites
List
  • IRNSS-

    1B/1I (Operational)

    1A/1C/1D/1E/1F/1G/1H (Clock failure, short-message services only, launch failure)

  • NVS-

    01/03 (Operational)

    02 (Failed to reach orbit)

First launch1 July 2013; 13 years ago (1 July 2013)
Last launch30th October, 2026
Total launches12
Orbital characteristics
Regime(s)geostationary orbit (GEO), inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO)
Orbital height35,786 km (22,236 mi)
Other details
Cost₹2,246 crore (US$240 million) as of March 2017

The Navigation with Indian Constellation or NavIC (also, nāvik 'sailor' or 'navigator' in Indian languages, formerly known as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System or IRNSS) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) services. It covers India and a region extending 1,500 km (930 mi) around it, with plans for further extension up to 3,000 km (1,900 mi) with 10–20 m (33–66 ft) position accuracy and 40ns time accuracy. An extended service area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the 30th parallel south to the 50th parallel north and the 30th meridian east to the 130th meridian east, 1,500–6,000 km (930–3,730 mi) beyond borders where some of the NavIC satellites are visible but the position is not always computable with assured accuracy.

Background

The system was developed partly because access to foreign global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 when the United States denied an Indian request for Global Positioning System (GPS) data for the Kargil region, which would have provided vital information, forcing Indian Air Force pilots to mount commercial GPS devices in their cockpits to drop unguided or semi-guided payloads. The Indian government approved the project in May 2006.

The NavIC offers two levels of service, standard positioning service (SPS), which will be open for civilian use and is interoperable with GNSS, and a restricted service (RS), an encrypted channel for authorized users including the military, in L1 (1575.42 MHz, in use since the second generation), L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S Band (2498.028 MHz).

The first generation (IRNSS series) of the satellite network was designed for 7 satellites with three atomic clocks each, including IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F and IRNSS-1G serving as initial set of satellites, and replacement satellites, IRNSS-1H failing to reach orbit, followed by the successful launch of IRNSS-1I. Each of the IRNSS satellites has an active and two reserved atomic clocks. However, multiple failure of on-board atomic clocks across satellites prompted ISRO to adopt indigenous atomic clocks, developed by the Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, for its second generation of NVS satellites. The NVS series, including NVS-01, NVS-02, NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05, would employ a mix of imported and indigenous atomic clocks as well as an increased operational lifetime from 10 to 12 years.

However, as of March 2026, only three satellites were capable of providing real-time positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) service — IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1I and NVS-01 — due to the failure of atomic clocks of IRNSS satellites, failure of NVS-02 to reach orbit and launch delay of the second generation satellites. This is below the minimum number of four satellites required for an accurate position. Meanwhile, five satellites — IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F and IRNSS-1G — are being used for one-way broadcast messaging service after their on-board atomic clocks failed. IRNSS-1D has been decommissioned while two other satellites, IRNSS-1H and NVS-02, failed to reach desired orbit. ISRO is planning to launch NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05 by September 2027.

NavIC-based trackers are compulsory on commercial vehicles in India, and some consumer mobile phones with support for it have been available since the first half of 2020.

Components

IRNSS series (First generation)

As part of the project, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) opened a new satellite navigation centre within the campus of ISRO Deep Space Network (DSN) at Byalalu, Karnataka on 28 May 2013. A network of 21 ranging stations located across the country will provide data for the orbital determination of the satellites and monitoring of the navigation signal.

A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. Its location in low latitudes facilitates coverage with low-inclination satellites. Three satellites will be in geostationary orbit over the Indian Ocean. Missile targeting could be an important military application for the constellation.

The total cost of the project was expected to be ₹1,420 crore (US$152 million), with the cost of the ground segment being ₹300 crore (US$32 million), each satellite costing ₹150 crore (US$16 million) and the PSLV-XL version rocket costing around ₹130 crore (US$14 million). The planned seven rockets would have involved an outlay of around ₹910 crore (US$97 million).

The necessity for two replacement satellites, and PSLV-XL launches, has altered the original budget, with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India reporting costs (as of March 2017) of ₹2,246 crore (US$240 million).

India's Department of Space in their 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) (2012–17) stated increasing the number of satellites in the constellation from 7 to 11 to extend coverage. These additional four satellites will be made during 12th FYP and will be launched in the beginning of 13th FYP (2018–23) in geosynchronous orbit of 42° inclination. Also, the development of space-qualified Indian made atomic clocks was initiated, along with a study and development initiative for an all optical atomic clock (ultra stable for IRNSS and deep space communication).

The NavIC Signal in Space ICD was released for evaluation in September 2014.

From 1 April 2019, use of AIS 140 compliant NavIC-based vehicle tracking systems were made compulsory for all commercial vehicles in India.

In December 2019, the United States Congress consented to designate NaVIC as one of their allied navigational satellite systems along with Galileo (Europe) and QZSS (Japan). The approval was as a part of National Defense Authorization Act 2020. The proposal was put forward by United States Secretary of Defense in consultation with Director of National Intelligence.

Indian atomic clock

In order to reduce the dependency on imported frequency standards ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad had been working on domestically designed and developed Rubidium atomic clocks.

In May 2015, A. S. Kiran Kumar, the then ISRO chairman announced that the agency was developing a Rubidium atomic clocks indigenously to potentially replace the European counterparts in future navigational satellites which will replace the in-service IRNSS-1 series spacecrafts following their 10-year lifespan. The prototypes were being developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad and CSIR’s National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi. Further qualified and flight-worthy versions would be developed. The clocks are required to be compact and fuel efficient in space.

On 5 July 2017, ISRO and Israel Space Agency (ISA) signed an Memorandum of Understanding to collaborate on space qualifying a Rubidium Standard based on AccuBeat model AR133A and to test it on an ISRO satellite.[citation needed]

In May 2018, Tapan Misra, the then SAC director, announced that the indigenous clocks were undergoing qualification trials following which it would be used in an experimental navigational satellite for further accuracy and durability trials.

The clocks have been designated as the Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS). The NVS series satellites carry one of these clocks along with three Israeli counterparts. Further, the imported clocks could be entirely replaced by IRAFS from NVS-05 onwards subject to the performance of the indigenous clocks flown out in earlier NVS satellites as told by V. Narayanan, the ISRO chairman, in 2025. As part of the Times Dissemination Project, which is overseen by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution, NavIC will take the position of GPS as the reference time provider at the National Physical Laboratory of India from 2025.

In 2025, the development was also being delayed since multiple components were being imported leading to procurement challenges. Later satellites were proposed to be equipped with five atomic clocks each.

Microprocessor

The SPARC V8 ISA compatible AJIT microprocessor for robotics and industrial applications was created in 2018 by IIT Bombay. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, IIT Bombay, and Powai Labs, a private firm from Mumbai, provided funding for the project. Initially produced by Semi-Conductor Laboratory utilizing 180nm process, commercial production using 65nm and 45nm are planned. AJIT operates at clock speeds between 70 and 120 MHz and can execute one instruction every clock cycle.

It includes a memory management unit that stores and retrieves data from memory, as well as an arithmetic logic unit that performs simple arithmetic and logical operations. Additionally, there is a floating point unit that can effectively manage computations involving non-integer quantities. A hardware debugger unit is used to monitor and control the microprocessor in order to program it. The Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research will incorporate AJIT in the receivers being developed for NavIC.

In accordance with the range requirements for NavIC for both military and commercial applications, Defence Research and Development Organisation, through the Technology Development Fund scheme, has commissioned Accord Software and Systems, to build a tailored and flexible IRNSS Network Timing system domestically. Using NavIC data, the receiver chip will obtain and distribute Indian time for navigation. India currently depends on the US for this service.

In 2020, Qualcomm launched four Snapdragon 4G chipsets and one 5G chipset with support for NavIC. NavIC is planned to be available for civilian use in mobile devices, after Qualcomm and ISRO signed an agreement. To increase compatibility with existing hardware, ISRO will add L1 band support. For strategic application, Long Code support is also coming.

On 7 December 2023, Qualcomm revealed that select chipset platforms will enable NavIC L1 signals. The Qualcomm location suite, supports up to seven satellite constellations simultaneously and allows for faster Time to First Fix (TTFF) position acquisition for enhanced location-based services. It also makes use of all of NavIC's L1 and L5 signals for precise positioning. In the second half of 2024, Qualcomm chipset platforms will add further support for the NavIC L1 signals, and in the first half of 2025, commercial products that support the NavIC L1 signals should be available for sale.

Timeline

Launch of IRNSS satellites (2006–2016)

In May 2006, the Government of India approved the establishment of the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) with a constellation of seven satellites launched by Indian space launch vehicles wihtin a span of 6 or 7 years. In September 2008, SpectraTime announced that they had received a contract worth €4 million to supply Rubidium atomic clocks to ISRO for the IRNSS programme. The first satellite launch was expected in 2009.

In April 2010, it was reported that India plans to start launching satellites by the end of 2011, at a rate of one satellite every six months. This would have made NavIC functional by 2015. But the program was delayed, and India also launched 3 new satellites to supplement this.

Seven satellites with the prefix "IRNSS-1" will constitute the space segment of the IRNSS. IRNSS-1A, the first of the seven satellites, was launched on 1 July 2013. IRNSS-1B was launched on 4 April 2014 on-board PSLV-C24 rocket. The satellite has been placed in geosynchronous orbit. IRNSS-1C was launched on 16 October 2014, IRNSS-1D on 28 March 2015, IRNSS-1E on 20 January 2016, IRNSS-1F on 10 March 2016 and IRNSS-1G was launched on 28 April 2016.

Clock failures and replacements (2017–present)

In January 2017, it was reported that all three rubidium atomic clocks on board IRNSS-1A had failed within a span of six months. The satellite was not being used for computations without the clocks but was partially operational for messaging services. ISRO was expected to launch one of the standby satellite for replacement in the latter half of the year. Similar failures occurred on Galileo constellation. ISRO reported it had replaced the atomic clocks in the two standby satellites, IRNSS-1H and IRNSS-1I in June 2017. The subsequent launch of IRNSS-1H, as a replacement for IRNSS-1A, was unsuccessful when PSLV-C39 mission failed on 31 August 2017. The second standby satellite, IRNSS-1I, was successfully placed into orbit on 12 April 2018.

The eighth satellite, IRNSS-1H, which was meant to replace IRNSS-1A, failed to deploy on 31 August 2017 as the heat shields failed to separate from the 4th stage of the rocket. IRNSS-1I was launched on 12 April 2018 to replace it.

In July 2017, it was reported that two more clocks in the navigational system had also started showing signs of abnormality, thereby taking the total number of failed clocks to five, in May 2018 a failure of a further 4 clocks was reported, taking the count to 9 of the 24 in orbit.

As a precaution to extend the operational life of navigation satellite, ISRO is running only one rubidium atomic clock instead of two in the remaining satellites. By May 2018, nine of the 21 atomic clocks sourced from Astrium onboard the seven satellites were offline.

As of May 2023 only four first generation satellites were capable of providing navigation services which is the minimum number required for service to remain operational.

As of September 2024 only four satellites IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1F, IRNSS-1I and NVS-01 were capable of providing navigation services.

In July 2025, while responding to a query through Right to Information Act, the ISRO revealed that five IRNSS satellites are completely defunct, with all of their three clocks having failed. Additionally, one satellite has only one functional clock and only two satellites are fully functional.

On 10 March 2026, with IRNSS-1F clock failure marking completion of its 10 year mission life reduced the satellite network to only three operational satellites sending position data, below minimum number of satellites needed for accurate position data. It will be a part of five satellites out of the eight remaining functional satellites, being used to provide one way broadcast messaging services from thereon. India had launched a total of eleven NavIC satellites at that point.

Launch of NVS satellites (2023–present)

In its annual report for 2018–19, ISRO announced its plans to realise five replacement or follow-on satellites (IRNSS-1J to -1N) to be placed in the existing orbital slots in order to ensure continuous NavIC service. ISRO's 2020–21 annual report stated that the L1 band signal for civil applications will be introduced in the upcoming NavIC satellites, renamed as NVS-01 to -05, alongside the existing L5 and S bands, and that they were being designed with a targeted lisfespan of 12 years.

In March 2021, The Times of India reported that ISRO would launch the NVS-01 navigation satellite the same year. In November 2022, The New Indian Express announced that ISRO has received approvals to develop five additional NavIC satellites whereas S. Somanath, the then ISRO chairman, confirmed that each of the satellites would carry four atomic clocks including one Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS).

NVS-01, first of the second generation satellites, was successfully launched on 29 May 2023 and was placed into orbit as a replacement for IRNSS-1G. The launch of NVS-02 in on 29 January 2025 was a partial success since the satellite failed to reach the intended orbit despite the success of the launch vehicle because of a fuel system failure on the satellite. Hence, the satellite is not considered as operational. As of March 2025, ISRO has sought approval for three additional spacecraft under the NVS series. Latter satellites are proposed to be equipped with five atomic clocks each to reduce the risks of losing satellites due to clock failures according to an August 2025 report. Further, V. Narayanan, the ISRO chairman, indicated that the imported clocks could be entirely replaced by IRAFS from NVS-05 onwards subject to the performance of the indigenous clocks flown out in earlier NVS satellites.

During March 2026, ISRO announced its plans to launch NVS-03, -04 and -05 by September 2027 with intervals of six months. The original plan was to launch the satellites between 2025 and 2026. Thereafter NVS-03 was launched on 30 October 2026 and was placed into its intended orbit on 4 November. The successful launch revived the navigation service of the constellation with its minimum operational configuration with four operational satellites. Of the four, IRNSS-1B being the oldest satellite has been operational beyond its 10-year technical lifespan while -1I is expected to function until 2028. Further, NVS-04 and NVS-05 were also under "advanced stages of realisation". The cryogenic engine for GSLV F19 to launch NVS-04 was identified in November 2026.

System description

The IRNSS system comprises a space segment and a support ground segment.

Space segment

The constellation consists of 7 satellites. Three of the seven satellites are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) at longitudes 32.5° E, 83° E, and 131.5° E, approximately 36,000 km (22,000 mi) above Earth's surface. The remaining four satellites are in inclined geosynchronous orbit (GSO). Two of them cross the equator at 55° E and two at 111.75° E.

Ground segment

The ground segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. The ground segment comprises:

  • IRNSS Spacecraft Control Facility (IRSCF)
  • ISRO Navigation Centre (INC)
  • IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (IRIMS)
  • IRNSS Network Timing Centre (IRNWT)
  • IRNSS CDMA Ranging Stations (IRCDR)
  • Laser Ranging Stations
  • IRNSS Data Communication Network (IRDCN)
Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite

The IRSCF is operational at Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan and Bhopal. The MCF uplinks navigation data and is used for tracking, telemetry and command functions. Seven 7.2-metre (24 ft) FCA and two 11-metre (36 ft) FMA of IRSCF are currently operational for LEOP and on-orbit phases of IRNSS satellites.

The INC established at Byalalu performs remote operations and data collection with all the ground stations. The ISRO Navigation Centres (INC) are operational at Byalalu, Bengaluru and Lucknow. INC1 (Byalalu) and INC2 (Lucknow) together provide operations with redundancy.

16 IRIMS are currently operational and are supporting IRNSS operations. A few more are planned in Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France and Japan. CDMA ranging is being carried out by the four IRCDR stations on a regular basis for all the IRNSS satellites. The IRNWT has been established and is providing IRNSS system time with an accuracy of 2 ns (2.0×10−9 s) (2 sigma) with respect to UTC. Laser ranging is being carried out with the support of ILRS stations around the world. Navigation software is operational at INC since 1 Aug 2013. All the navigation parameters, such as satellite ephemeris, clock corrections, integrity parameters, and secondary parameters, such as iono-delay corrections, time offsets with respect to UTC and other GNSS, almanac, text message, and earth orientation parameters, are generated and uploaded to the spacecraft automatically. The IRDCN has established terrestrial and VSAT links between the ground stations. As of March 2021, ISRO and JAXA are performing calibration and validation experiments for NavIC ground reference station in Japan. ISRO is also under discussion with CNES for a NavIC ground reference station in France. ISRO is planning a NavIC ground station at Cocos (Keeling) Islands and is in talks with the Australian Space Agency.

Signal

NavIC signals will consist of a Standard Positioning Service and a Restricted Service. Both will be carried on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2492.028 MHz). The SPS signal will be modulated by a 1 MHz BPSK signal. The Restricted Service will use BOC(5,2). The navigation signals themselves would be transmitted in the L5 (1176.45 MHz) & S band (2492.028 MHz) frequencies and broadcast through a phased array antenna to maintain required coverage and signal strength. The satellites would weigh approximately 1,330 kg (2,930 lb) and their solar panels generate 1,400 W.

A messaging interface is embedded in the NavIC system. This feature allows the command center to send warnings to a specific geographic area. For example, fishermen using the system can be warned about a cyclone.

Accuracy

The Standard Positioning Service system is intended to provide an absolute position accuracy of about 5–10 metres (16–33 ft) throughout the Indian landmass and an accuracy of about 20 metres (66 ft) in the Indian Ocean as well as a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around India. GPS, for comparison, has a position accuracy of 5 m under ideal conditions. However, unlike GPS, which is dependent only on L-band, NavIC has dual frequencies (S and L bands). When a low-frequency signal travels through atmosphere, its velocity changes due to atmospheric disturbances. GPS depends on an atmospheric model to assess frequency error, and it has to update this model from time to time to assess the exact error. In NavIC, the actual delay is assessed by measuring the difference in delay of the two frequencies (S and L bands). Therefore, NavIC is not dependent on any model to find the frequency error and can be more accurate than GPS.

Future developments

NVS series (Second generation)

The NVS series is the second generation of NavIC satellites. The project to realise five replacement or follow-on satellites (IRNSS-1J to -1N) to be placed in the existing orbital slots was first noted in the 2018–19 ISRO annual report. The satellite designations were changed to NVS-01 to -05, respectively by 2020–21. A budget of ₹964.68 crore (equivalent to ₹11 billion or US$120 million in 2026) excluding the launch costs had been allotted for the project. By March 2025, ISRO has sought approval for three additional spacecraft under the series.

The satellites feature L1 band signal for civil applications alongside the existing L5 and S bands. The L1 single frequency modules are meant to serve the wearable devices market in India since they require small form factor and very low power. The new generation satellites have a targeted lisfespan of 12 years. The NVS series also carries four atomic clocks including one Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS) developed by the Space Applications Centre (SAC). Latter satellites are proposed to be equipped with five atomic clocks each to reduce the risks of losing satellites due to clock failures according to an August 2025 report. Further, V. Narayanan, the ISRO chairman, indicated that the imported clocks could be entirely replaced by IRAFS from NVS-05 onwards subject to the performance of the indigenous clocks flown out in earlier NVS satellites.

NVS-01 to -03 has been launched between 2023 and 2026 while NVS-02 was a partial success due to a fuel system failure on the satellite. Further, the NVS-04 and -05 are expected to be launched by September 2027 with a six-month intervals between each satellite.

Global Indian Navigation System

Study and analysis for the Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) was initiated as part of the technology and policy initiatives in the 12th FYP (2012–17). The system is supposed to have a constellation of 24 satellites, positioned 24,000 km (14,913 mi) above Earth. As of 2013, the statutory filing for frequency spectrum of GINS satellite orbits in international space, has been completed. As per new 2021 draft policy, ISRO and Department of Space (DoS) is working on expanding the coverage of NavIC from regional to global that will be independent of other such system currently operational namely GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo while remaining interoperable and free for global public use. ISRO has proposed to Government of India to expand the constellation for global coverage by initially placing twelve satellites in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).

List of satellites

The constellation consists of 7 active satellites. Three of the seven satellites in constellation are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) and four are in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO). All satellites launched or proposed for the system are as follows:

IRNSS series satellites

IRNSS-1 series satellites
Satellite SVN PRN Int. Sat. ID NORAD ID Launch Date Launch Vehicle Orbit Status Remarks
IRNSS-1A I001 I01 2013-034A 39199 1 July 2013 PSLV-XL-C22 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Partial Failure Atomic clocks failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.
IRNSS-1B I002 I02 2014-017A 39635 4 April 2014 PSLV-XL-C24 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Operational
IRNSS-1C I003 I03 2014-061A 40269 16 October 2014 PSLV-XL-C26 Geostationary (GEO) / 83°E, 5° inclined orbit Partial Failure Atomic clocks failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.
IRNSS-1D I004 I04 2015-018A 40547 28 March 2015 PSLV-XL-C27 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 31° inclined orbit Decommissioned Satellite has been decommissioned.
IRNSS-1E I005 I05 2016-003A 41241 20 January 2016 PSLV-XL-C31 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 29° inclined orbit Partial Failure Atomic clocks failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.
IRNSS-1F I006 I06 2016-015A 41384 10 March 2016 PSLV-XL-C32 Geostationary (GEO) / 32.5°E, 5° inclined orbit Partial Failure Atomic clocks failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.
IRNSS-1G I007 I07 2016-027A 41469 28 April 2016 PSLV-XL-C33 Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit Partial Failure Replaced by NVS-01. Currently being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.
IRNSS-1H I008 I08 31 August 2017 PSLV-XL-C39 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Launch Failed The payload fairing failed to separate and satellite could not reach the desired orbit. It was meant to replace defunct IRNSS-1A.
IRNSS-1I I009 I09 2018-035A 43286 12 April 2018 PSLV-XL-C41 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Operational
Animation of IRNSS
Around the Earth
Around the Earth - Polar view
Earth fixed frame - Equatorial view, front
Earth fixed frame - Equatorial view, side
Earth fixed frame - Polar view
   Earth ·   IRNSS-1B  ·   IRNSS-1C  ·   IRNSS-1E  ·   IRNSS-1F  ·   IRNSS-1G  ·   IRNSS-1I

NVS series satellite

NVS series satellites
Satellite SVN PRN Int. Sat. ID NORAD ID Launch Date Launch Vehicle Orbit Status Remarks
NVS-01 (IRNSS-1J) I010 I10 2023-076A 56759 29 May 2023 GSLV Mk II - F12 Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit Operational Replaced IRNSS-1G. Features extended lifespan, indigenous clock and new civilian band L1 for low power devices.
NVS-02 (IRNSS-1K) 2025-020A 62850 29 January 2025 GSLV Mk II - F15 Partial Failure Intended replacement of malfunctioning IRNSS-1E satellite. However, NVS-02 suffered from a propulsion system failure and the ISRO is looking for alternative uses for the satellite.
NVS-03 (IRNSS-1L) 2026-245A 101228 30 October 2026 GSLV Mk II- F18 Geosynchronous (IGSO), 111.75°E / 29.98° inclined orbit Operational
NVS-04 (IRNSS-1M) H1 2027 GSLV Mk II - F19 Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit Planned
NVS-05 (IRNSS-1N) H2 2027 GSLV Mk II Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit Planned
NVS-06 H1 2028 GSLV Mk II Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit Planned

See also

Other systems

References

  1. 1 2 Datta, Anusuya (14 March 2018). "CAG pulls up ISRO on NavIC delays, cost overruns". Geospatial World.
  2. ↑ "IRNSS-1G exemplifies 'Make in India', says PM". The Statesman. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  3. ↑ "NVS-03 Satellite" (PDF).
  4. 1 2 "Satellites are in the sky, but long way to go before average Indians get Desi GPS | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 8 June 2018.
  5. ↑ "Isro working to expand navigation system NaVIC coverage to 3,000 km from 1,500 km beyond India". The Times of India. 27 September 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  6. ↑ "IRNSS Programme - ISRO". isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  7. ↑ Srivastava, Ishan (5 April 2014). "How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  8. ↑ "Kargil GPS denial". Satellize. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  9. ↑ Raj, N. Gopal (26 June 2013). "India prepares to establish navigation satellite system". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 13 June 2022. The project to establish the IRNSS at a cost of Rs. 1,420 crores was approved by the Union Government in June 2006.
  10. 1 2 "Introducing NavIC 2.0: Leveraging India's strategic space advantage". orfonline.org. 1 April 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  11. ↑ "Satellite Navigation Services". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  12. ↑ D.S, Madhumathi (29 January 2017). "Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  13. ↑ "PSLV-C41/IRNSS-1I - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  14. 1 2 "India developing atomic clocks for use on satellites". The Hindu. 20 May 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  15. 1 2 3 "India's NavIC satellite navigation system is in distress with only three functional satellites". Deccan Herald. 17 March 2026. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  16. ↑ Pillai, Soumya (17 March 2026). "India's NavIC is not fully functional even after 27 years—military loses the most". ThePrint. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  17. ↑ Koshy, Jacob (14 March 2026). "Failure of atomic clock cripples ISRO's NavIC system". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 March 2026.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Madanapalle, Aditya (30 March 2026). "ISRO encouraged to use indigenous atomic clocks for navigation satellites". News9live. Archived from the original on 11 November 2026. Retrieved 24 April 2026.
  19. 1 2 "PARLIAMENT QUESTION: NAVIC SATELLITE SYSTEM". Press Information Bureau. 25 March 2026.
  20. 1 2 "Government of India, Ministry of Space, Lok Sabha - Unstarred Question number: 483 on Progress of IRNSS". 20 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  21. 1 2 "Government of India, Ministry of Space, Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question No: 675 on Indigenous GPS". 26 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  22. ↑ "NavIC: List of Supported Phones and Difference between NavIC and GPS". Get Droid Tips. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  23. ↑ Sha, Arjun (4 March 2020). "List of Smartphones with NavIC Support (Regularly Updated)". Beebom. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  24. ↑ "ISRO opens navigation centre for satellite system". Zeenews.com. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  25. ↑ "India Making Strides in Satellite Technology". Defence News. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  26. ↑ "Isro to launch 5th navigation satellite on Jan 20, first in 2016". Hindustan Times. 18 January 2016.
  27. ↑ "India's first ever dedicated navigation satellite launched". DNA India. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  28. ↑ "India's first dedicated navigation satellite placed in orbit". NDTV. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  29. 1 2 3 "Five Year Plan" (PDF). Department of Space. 12th FYP: 96. October 2011.
  30. ↑ "The Interoperable Global Navigation Satellite Systems Space Service Volume" (PDF). pp. 62, 95. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  31. ↑ "12th Five Year Plan report, Department of Space, DST" (PDF). dst.gov.in. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  32. 1 2 "ISRO to test space robustness of indigenous atomic clocks this December". The Indian Express. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  33. 1 2 3 "Report of Working Group (WG-14)" (PDF). Department of Space, Government of India. October 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  34. ↑ "IRNSS Signal in Space ICD Released". GPS World. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  35. ↑ "US Congress consents to designate India's NavIC as allied system". The Economic Times. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  36. ↑ "US Congress Nod To Designate India's Navigation Satellite As Allied System". NDTV.com. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  37. 1 2 3 "Isro develops desi atomic clock, to be used in navigation satellites". The Times of India. 7 May 2018. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  38. 1 2 Bandi, Thejesh; Arora, Rajat (10 December 2019). "Indigenous Atomic Clock and Monitoring Unit for NavIC" (PDF). unoosa.org. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2026. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  39. 1 2 Bandi, Thejesh N.; Kaintura, Jaydeep; Saiyed, Azhar R.; Ghosal, Bikash; Jain, Pratik; Sharma, Richa; Priya, Priyanka; Shukla, Keya; Mandal, Sarathi; Reddy, Niranjan; Soni, Ashish (2019). "Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS) Development for Satellite Navigation". 2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC). p. 1. doi:10.23919/URSIAP-RASC.2019.8738208. ISBN 978-908-25987-5-9. S2CID 195225382.
  40. ↑ "'One Nation, One Time': Isro's NVS-03 satellite to carry atomic clock into space; what it means". The Times of India. 30 October 2026. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  41. 1 2 3 Chaitanya, SV Krishna (27 November 2022). "Five new advanced navigation satellites for strategic needs". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 November 2026. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  42. ↑ Dash, Dipak K (28 January 2025). "Now, India will move to 'one nation, one time', thanks to desi satellites network". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 Koshy, Jacob (23 August 2025). "Indigenous clocks delay ISRO's plans to replace defunct Navic satellites". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 13 October 2025. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  44. ↑ Sharma, Shubha (8 May 2019). "IIT-B researchers develop 'Made in India' microprocessor". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  45. ↑ Choudhury, Ambika (30 April 2019). "India Makes The Most Cost-Efficient Chip Ajit That Can Power Robotic & Automation Systems". Analytics India Magazine. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  46. ↑ "DHRUV64: India's First 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core Microprocessor". Press Information Bureau. 15 December 2025. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  47. ↑ Khanna, Bosky (12 July 2024). "DRDO partners with Bengaluru firm for Indigenous NavIC chip development". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  48. ↑ Sarkar, Debashis (21 January 2020). "Qualcomm launches three chipsets with Isro's Navic GPS for Android smartphones". The Times of India.
  49. ↑ "Launch of mobile chipset compatible to NavIC - ISRO". Department of Space, Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  50. ↑ "After Isro-Qualcomm pact, NavIC-compatible mobiles, navigation devices to hit market next year". The Times of India. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  51. ↑ "NavIC support in upcoming Mobile, Automotive and IoT Platforms is poised to deliver superior Location-Based services to India's Industries and Technology Ecosystem Through Qualcomm". Indian Space Research Organisation. 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  52. 1 2 Koshy, Jacob (26 October 2022). "ISRO to boost NavIC, widen user base of location system". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  53. ↑ Bordoloi, Pritam (3 October 2022). "India's Indigenous Navigation System Can Make Your Phones Expensive". Analytics India Magazine. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  54. ↑ "Qualcomm announces NavIC support in select chipset starting H2 2024". The Hindu. 7 December 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  55. ↑ "Qualcomm Announces Support for India's NavIC Satellite Navigation System L1 signals in Commercial Chipset Platforms". www.qualcomm.com. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  56. ↑ "Major Achievements, Policies and Schemes during 2006 - Year End Review 2006,Deptt. of Space" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. 2 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 November 2026. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  57. ↑ "India prepares to establish navigation satellite system". The Hindu. 27 June 2013. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  58. ↑ Gibbons, Glen (4 September 2008). "SpectraTime to Supply Atomic Clocks to IRNSS". Inside GNSS. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  59. ↑ "SpectraTime Wins 4 Million Euro Space Clock Contract". Via Satellite. 10 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 November 2026. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  60. ↑ S. Anandan (10 April 2010). "Launch of first satellite for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite system next year". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  61. ↑ H. Pathak. "3 Satellites To Be Launched By ISRO". Archived from the original on 17 April 2011.
  62. ↑ "ISRO's Future programme". ISRO. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  63. ↑ "Countdown begins for PSLV-C22 launch". Business Line. 29 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  64. ↑ "Isro successfully launches navigation satellite IRNSS-1B". The Times of India. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  65. ↑ "ISRO puts India's Navigation satellite IRNSS 1B into orbit". news.biharprabha.com. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  66. ↑ "India successfully launches IRNSS-1D, fourth of seven navigation satellites". The Times of India. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  67. ↑ "India launches 5th navigation satellite IRNSS-1E powered by PSLV rocket". Hindustan Times. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  68. ↑ Narasimhan, T. E. (29 April 2016). "India gets its own GPS with successful launch of 7th navigation satellite". Business Standard. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  69. ↑ Madhumathi, D.S. (30 January 2017). "Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  70. 1 2 3 4 5 "Navigation satellite clocks ticking; system to be expanded: ISRO". The Economic Times. 10 June 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  71. ↑ Vasudevan Mukund (2 September 2017). "India's 'GPS' Remains Unfinished". The Wire. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  72. 1 2 "India completes NavIC constellation with 7th satellite - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  73. 1 2 "ISRO says launch of navigation satellite IRNSS-1H unsuccessful". The Economic Times. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  74. ↑ "IRNSS-1I". isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  75. ↑ "PSLV-C41/IRNSS-1I". isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organisation. 12 April 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  76. ↑ D.S., Madhumathi (5 May 2018). "ISRO's clock to prop up India's own GPS". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  77. ↑ "New NavIC satellite launching today: why a regional navigation system matters to India". The Indian Express. 29 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023. Currently, only four IRNSS satellites are able to provide location services, according to ISRO officials. The other satellites can only be used for messaging services such as providing disaster warnings or potential fishing zone messages for fishermen.
  78. 1 2 Sardar Patel Memorial Lecture 2024 'Indian Space Odyssey In Search of New Frontiers' by S. Somanath. 31 October 2024. Event occurs at 47 min 20 sec. Four satellites providing PNT service (IRNSS-1B, 1F, 1I, and NVS-01).
  79. ↑ "Indian Navic System" (PDF). p. 2. Currently, there are four functional satellites providing PNT service.
  80. 1 2 PTI (25 March 2026). "With NavIC setback, India unable to use satellite system for security purposes: experts". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 March 2026.
  81. ↑ Kabir, Radifah (15 March 2026). "India's GPS is dying: Isro's NavIC satellite network is down to three satellites". India Today. Retrieved 29 March 2026.
  82. ↑ "IRNSS-1F successfully completed its mission life of 10 years" (Press release). ISRO. 13 March 2026. Retrieved 29 March 2026.
  83. 1 2 "Annual Report of Department of Space 2018-19" (PDF). 28 May 2019. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019. IRNSS Follow On Satellites (1J/1K/1L/1M/1N)
  84. 1 2 "IMO nod to IRNSS NavIC as WWRNS component". Frontier India. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2026. Five more satellites are planned to be launched to the IGSO in the future including IRNSS-1J, IRNSS-1K, IRNSS-1L, IRNSS-1M and IRNSS-1N.
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "ANNUAL REPORT 2020-2021" (PDF). ISRO. pp. 47–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  86. 1 2 "Focus on commercial use of NavIC, ISRO's future satellites to get additional frequency". The Indian Express. 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2026. The L1 frequency, one of the most commonly used frequencies in the Global Positioning System (GPS), will increase the use of the regional navigation system in wearable devices and personal trackers that use low-power, single-frequency chips. At present, the satellites operate on two frequencies — L5 and S bands.
  87. 1 2 "ISRO's historic 100th launch this month: Advanced navigation satellite with Made-in-India atomic clocks". The Indian Express. 24 January 2025. Retrieved 12 November 2026. The new generation of satellites have a longer lifespan of 12 years and are also equipped with indigenously developed, more accurate atomic clocks.
  88. 1 2 "Isro aims for 7 more launches from India in 2021". The Times of India. 12 March 2021. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  89. ↑ "NVS-01 placed into orbit". The Tribune. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  90. 1 2 3 Singh, Abhinav (23 May 2023). "ISRO to launch GSLV-F12/NVS-01 navigation satellite on May 29". @theweek. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  91. ↑ "Isro's GSLV-F15 rocket carrying navigation satellite NVS-02 lifts off from Sriharikota". The Times of India. 29 January 2025. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  92. 1 2 3 "ISRO's orbit raising operations for NVS-02 satellite disrupted by valve malfunction". The Hindu. 2 February 2025. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 February 2025.
  93. 1 2 Pillai, Soumya (14 August 2026). "Exclusive: ISRO is ready to launch its navigation satellite NVS-03 in September". ThePrint. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  94. ↑ "GSLV places next-generation navigation satellite NVS-03 into orbit". The Hindu. 31 October 2026. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 October 2026.
  95. 1 2 "Final Orbit manoeuvring of NVS-03 spacecraft" (Press release). ISRO. 4 November 2026. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  96. 1 2 3 Khanna, Bosky (5 November 2026). "Karnataka: NVS-03 now in its intended orbit". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 7 November 2026.
  97. ↑ Dutt, Anonna (31 October 2026). "NavIC system to be operational again after NVS-03's successful launch". The Indian Express. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  98. ↑ MP, Siddharth (31 October 2026). "ISRO's GSLV-F18 launch success revives NAVIC, but there's a catch..." Wion. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  99. ↑ "Strengthening India's Space Sovereignty" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. 14 August 2026. Retrieved 15 August 2026. While NVS-03 is ready for launch and NVS-04 and NVS-05 are under advanced realization.
  100. 1 2 "Isro successfully test fires GSLV rocket engine ahead of NVS-04 launch". India Today. 11 November 2026. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  101. 1 2 3 4 5 "IRNSS". isac.gov.in. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  102. ↑ "First IRNSS satellite by December". Magazine article. Asian Surveying and Mapping. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. [dead link]
  103. ↑ "How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS". The Times of India. 5 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  104. ↑ K. Radhakrishnan (29 December 2013). "Mars and more, final frontier". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  105. 1 2 "Annual Report 2019-20". Department of Space. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  106. ↑ "75 Major Activities of ISRO" (PDF). 3 February 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2022. ISTRAC has established a network of stations to support IRNSS satellites consisting of four IRCDR stations (Hassan, Bhopal, Jodhpur and Shillong), 16 IRIMS stations (Bengaluru, Hassan, Bhopal, Jodhpur, Shillong, Dehradun, Port Blair, Mahendragiri, Lucknow, Kolkata, Udaipur, Shadnagar, Pune and Mauritius). ISTRAC has also established ISRO Navigation Centre-1, including an IRNWT facility at Bengaluru and ISRO Navigation Centre-2, including an IRNWT facility at Lucknow.
  107. ↑ Kunhikrishnan, P (20 June 2019). "Update on ISRO's International Cooperation" (PDF). p. 5. Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France, Japan (IRIMS)
  108. ↑ "Quad push: ISRO taking space ties with US, Japan and Australia to a higher orbit". The Economic Times. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  109. ↑ "India, France Working On 3rd Joint Space Mission, Says ISRO Chairman". NDTV. 20 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  110. ↑ "Gaganyaan, India's human space mission, will use 'green propulsion': ISRO". Hindustan Times. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  111. ↑ "Navigation Indian Constellation (NAVIC)". ESA. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  112. ↑ "Indian 'GPS' for public use by year-end". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  113. ↑ "Indian 'GPS' for public use by year-end". The Times of India. 5 March 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  114. ↑ A. Bhaskaranarayana Director SCP/FMO & Scientific Secretary Indian Space Research Organisation – Indian IRNSS and GAGAN Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  115. ↑ "India to have its own navigation system for citizens, Isro to launch 7 NaVIC satellites". Firstpost. 9 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  116. ↑ "GPS.gov: GPS Accuracy". www.gps.gov. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  117. ↑ "Get ready! India's own GPS set to hit the market early next year - Times of India". The Times of India. 28 May 2017.
  118. ↑ "Unstarred Question No. 5681 on 'ISRO space missions'" (PDF). 6 April 2022.
  119. ↑ "NVS-01 placed into orbit". The Tribune. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2026.
  120. ↑ Madanapalle, Aditya (30 March 2026). "ISRO encouraged to use indigenous atomic clocks for navigation satellites". News9live. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  121. ↑ "Global Indian Navigation system on cards". Business Line. 14 May 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  122. ↑ "Indian Satellite Navigation Policy-2021 (SATNAV Policy-2021)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  123. ↑ Dutt, Anonna (3 August 2021). "ISRO to expand reach of navigation system globally: New draft policy". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  124. 1 2 "IGS MGEX NavIC". mgex.igs.org. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  125. 1 2 Mukunth, Vasudevan. "3 Atomic Clocks Fail Onboard India's 'Regional GPS' Constellation". thewire.in. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  126. ↑ D.S., Madhumathi. "Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  127. 1 2 3 4 "Report No. 410 by Department-Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Demands for Grants (2026-2027) of the Department of Space" (PDF). p. 40. Four satellites are providing continuous PNT service. Four satellites (IRNSS-1A, 1C, 1E, and 1G) are utilized for one-way broadcast messaging service. These satellites cannot provide PNT service due to failure of in-orbit atomic clocks. One satellite (IRNSS-1D) is decommissioned after its life span. One mission was unaccomplished (IRNSS-1H).
  128. ↑ Narasimhan, T E (8 April 2014). "Isro conducts 4th orbit raising operation of IRNSS-1B successfully". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  129. ↑ "Launch of IRNSS-1D Delayed Due to Technical Problem". Inside GNSS. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  130. ↑ Jayaraman, K. S. (30 March 2015). "India Launches Fourth Navigation Satellite". SpaceNews. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  131. 1 2 3 "DoS Annual Report 2023-24" (PDF). p. 58. With the inclusion of NVS-01, the NavIC base layer now consists of five satellites (IRNSS-1B, 1C, 1F, 1I and NVS-01) for operational service.
  132. ↑ "NavIC and GAGAN System Updates" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2023. NavIC is offering short messaging service for users in Indian region through IRNSS-1A and 1E satellites.
  133. 1 2 "NavIC (IRNSS) Standard Positioning Service Performance Report Oct-Dec 2021" (PDF). p. 5. IRNSS 1G is not available for performance evaluation since October 05, 2019. IRNSS 1E is not available for performance evaluation since August 04, 2021
  134. ↑ T.K., Rohit (10 March 2016). "India's sixth navigation satellite, IRNSS-1F, placed in orbit". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  135. ↑
  136. ↑ "IRNSS-1H launch unsuccessful, says ISRO". The Indian Express. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  137. ↑ "Isro to launch navigation satellite NVS-01 on May 29". Hindustan Times. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  138. ↑ "Isro to launch new navigation satellite on May 29". The Times of India. 16 May 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  139. ↑ "Monthly Summary of Department of Space for February 2023" (PDF). 10 March 2023.
  140. ↑ "2nd-gen ISRO navigation satellite launches today". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  141. ↑ "ISRO set to launch NVS-02 satellite in Jan 2025, with more missions planned for upcoming year: ISRO Chief". ANI. 31 December 2024. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  142. ↑ "GSLV-F15 NVS-02 Mission Brochure" (PDF). p. 5. It will be placed at 111.75ºE replacing IRNSS-1E
  143. 1 2 "Overview of New NavIC L1 SPS Signal Structure & SBOC Modulation and Modified-CEMIC Multiplexing Scheme" (PDF). 29 September 2021.
  144. 1 2 "NavIC and GAGAN System Update" (PDF). 28 September 2021.
  145. ↑ "ISRO's Latest Mission Hits A Hurdle, Satellite Faces Technical Glitch". www.ndtv.com. Retrieved 2 February 2025.
  146. ↑ "Orbit manoeuvring of NVS-03 spacecraft" (Press release). ISRO. 31 October 2026. Retrieved 11 November 2026.

Footnotes

  1. ^ SATNAV Industry Meet 2006. ISRO Space India Newsletter. April – September 2006 Issue.