Tombatu language

Tombatu
Tombatu
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Northern Sulawesi
Native speakers	(20,000 cited 1981)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Minahasan Tombatu; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tnw
Glottolog	tons1239
ELP	Tonsawang

Tombatu, also known as Tonsawang, is an Austronesian language of the northern tip of Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Minahasan branch of the Philippine languages.

Location

According to linguist James Sneddon, the language is "one of the most isolated languages", spoken in southeast Minahasa, while linguist Robert Blust situated it, along with the others of the Minahasan group, near Lake Tondano, "in the northern peninsula of Sulawesi".

Orthography

Alphabet

a – [ä]
b – [b]
e – [ə]
è – [ɛ]
g – [g]
i – [i]
j – [d͡ʒ]
k – [k]
l – [l]
m – [m]
n – [n]
ng – [ŋ]
o – [o̞]
p – [p]
r – [ɾ]
s – [s]
t – [t]
u – [u]
w – [w]
' – [ʔ]

References

↑ Tombatu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Sneddon, J. N. (1970). "The Languages of Minahasa, North Celebes". Oceanic Linguistics. 9 (1): 11–36. doi:10.2307/3622930. JSTOR 3622930.
↑ "8 Genetic Classification of the World's Languages". A Guide to the World's Languages. 1987. pp. 275–380. doi:10.1515/9781503621336-015. ISBN 9781503621336. S2CID 244724303.
↑ Sneddon, J. N. (1993). "The Drift Towards Final Open Syllables in Sulawesi Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 32 (1): 1–44. doi:10.2307/3623095. JSTOR 3623095.
↑ Adelaar, K. Alexander & Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
↑ Sneddon, J. N. (1970). "The Languages of Minahasa, North Celebes". Oceanic Linguistics. 9 (1): 11–36. doi:10.2307/3622930. JSTOR 3622930.
↑ Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
↑ "Tonsawang language, alphabet, and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
↑ Sneddon, James N. Proto-Minahasan: phonology, morphology, and wordlist. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1978. pp. 5, 54-57.

External links

ELAR collection: Tonsawang: a collaborative multimedia project documenting an endangered language of North Sulawesi deposited by Timothy Brickell

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[e18-1] Tombatu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Sneddon, J. N. (1970). "The Languages of Minahasa, North Celebes". Oceanic Linguistics. 9 (1): 11–36. doi:10.2307/3622930. JSTOR 3622930.

[3] "8 Genetic Classification of the World's Languages". A Guide to the World's Languages. 1987. pp. 275–380. doi:10.1515/9781503621336-015. ISBN 9781503621336. S2CID 244724303.

[4] Sneddon, J. N. (1993). "The Drift Towards Final Open Syllables in Sulawesi Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 32 (1): 1–44. doi:10.2307/3623095. JSTOR 3623095.

[5] Adelaar, K. Alexander & Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.

[6] Sneddon, J. N. (1970). "The Languages of Minahasa, North Celebes". Oceanic Linguistics. 9 (1): 11–36. doi:10.2307/3622930. JSTOR 3622930.

[7] Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.

[8] "Tonsawang language, alphabet, and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 20 September 2021.

[9] Sneddon, James N. Proto-Minahasan: phonology, morphology, and wordlist. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1978. pp. 5, 54-57.