Toraja-Saʼdan language

Toraja-Saʼdan
South Toraja
Sa’dan, Sa’dansche, Sadan, Sadang, Ta’e, Tae’, Toradja, Toraja
Native toIndonesia
RegionSouth Sulawesi
West Sulawesi
EthnicityTorajan
Native speakers
590,000 (2010 census)
Dialects
  • Makale
  • Rantepao
  • West Toraja
  • South Toraja (Luwu)
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3sda
Glottologtora1261
Map showing the distribution of the South Sulawesi languages in Sulawesi and Kalimantan, Toraja-Sa'dan language in number 29.

Toraja-Saʼdan (also Toraja, Saʼdan, South Toraja) is an Austronesian language spoken in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, Indonesia by the Toraja people. It shares the name Taeʼ with East Toraja. Most of the Toraja language mapping was done by Dutch missionaries working in Sulawesi, such as Nicolaus Adriani and Hendrik van der Veen.

Phonology

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a
Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate		 voiceless p t (tʃ) k ʔ
voiced b d (dʒ) ɡ
Fricative s (h)
Rhotic r
Lateral l
Approximant w j

Sounds [tʃ, dʒ] are heard from Indonesian loanwords. /h/ only rarely occurs.

In final position, only /n/, /ŋ/, /k/ and /ʔ/ can occur.

Alphabet

Vocals

AIUEOh

Consonants

BCDGHJKLMNPRTWY
Diphthong
Quotation marks

Numbers

IndonesianToraja
Nol (Zero)
Satu (One)Misa'
Dua (Two)Da'dua
Tiga (Three)Tallu
Empat (Four)A'pa'
Lima (Five)Lima
Enam (Six)Annan
Tujuh (Seven)Pitu
Delapan (Eight)Karua
Sembilan (Nine)Kasera
Sepuluh (Ten)Sangpulo
Sebelas (Eleven)Sangpulo misa'
Dua belas (Twelve)Sangpulo da'dua
Dua puluh (Twenty)Duang pulo
Tiga puluh (Thirty)Tallung pulo
Empat puluh (Forty)Patang pulo
Lima puluh (Fifty)Limang pulo
Enam puluh (Sixty)Annan pulo
Tujuh puluh (Seventy)Pitung pulo
Delapan puluh (Eighty)Karuang pulo
Sembilan puluh (Ninety)Kaserang pulo
Seratus (One hundred)Saratu'
Seribu (One thousand)Sang sa'bu

Dialects

The Toraja-Sa'dan language has several dialects, including:

References

  1. ↑ Toraja-Saʼdan at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ Sande, J. S.; Stokhof, W. A. L. (1977). "On the Phonology of the Toraja Kesuʔ Dialect" (PDF). In Ignatius Suharno (ed.). Miscellaneous Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, Part IV. NUSA 5. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA. pp. 19–34.

Further reading