1110s

The 1110s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1110, and ended on December 31, 1119.

Events

1110

By date

May 5: Lunar eclipse, in which the moon becomes totally dark (according to the Peterborough Chronicle), due to an earlier volcanic eruption putting aerosols into the upper atmosphere of the earth, thus cutting off the earthlight.

By place

Asia

Second Chola invasion of Kalinga: The Chola emperor Kulottunga I, angered that the Kalinga king Anantavarman Chodaganga has failed to pay tribute for two consecutive years, orders a punitive expedition. He sends his general Karunakara Tondaiman (with involvement of the young prince Vikrama Chola) to lead the invasion. The Chola forces march across the rivers Palar, Pennar, Krishna, Godavari, enter Kalinga territory, defeat the elephant corps sent by Anantavarman, ravage the land, and force Anantavarman to flee.

Levant

Spring – Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, leads an expedition to capture the territories of the Crusaders (belonging to the County of Edessa) east of the river Euphrates. He besieges the fortress city of Edessa, but is forced to retreat when King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (with the support of Armenian forces sent by Kogh Vasil) intervenes with a Crusader relief force.
February–May – Crusaders under Baldwin I besiege Beirut. Genoese and Pisan ships blockade the harbour; Fatimid ships from Tyre and Sidon try in vain to break the blockade. The Fatimid governor flees by night through the Italian fleet to Cyprus. On May 13, Baldwin captures the city by assault and the Italians carry out a massacre among the inhabitants.
October–December – Crusaders under Baldwin I (supported by King Sigurd I of Norway) besiege Sidon. Norwegian ships blockade the harbour, but are nearly dispersed by a powerful Fatimid flotilla from Tyre. They are saved by the arrival of a Venetian squadron under Doge Ordelafo Faliero. On December 4, the city capitulates (under notable terms) to Baldwin.
December – Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, brings the Crusader castle Krak des Chevaliers in Syria under his control. He remains regent of the Principality of Antioch in the name of his cousin Bohemond II.

Europe

Henry V, King of Germany, invades Italy with a large army and concludes an agreement with Pope Paschal II at Sutri. Henry renounces the right of investiture (a dispute with the former Henry IV). In return, Paschal promises to crown him emperor and to restore to the Holy Roman Empire all the lands given to the German church (since the time of Charlemagne).
July 25 – Henry V marries 8-year-old Matilda (daughter of King Henry I of England). She is crowned Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at Mainz. After the betrothal Matilda is placed into custody of Bruno, archbishop of Trier, who is tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government.
The dukedom of Bohemia is secured for Vladislaus I following the death of Svatopluk ("the Lion") who is assassinated. Vladislaus receives support from Henry V and will rule until 1125.
Almoravid forces under Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf occupy Zaragoza (modern Spain), bringing all of Andalusia's Muslim states under Almoravid control.

England

King Henry I has improvements made at Windsor Castle, including a chapel, so that he can use the castle as his formal residence.

By topic

Literature

The Rus' Primary Chronicle is completed. The work is considered to be a fundamental source in the history of the East Slavs.
Approximate date of composition of Jayamkondar's Kalingattuparani, a Tamil epic celebrating the victory of Kulottunga Chola I over the Kalinga king Anantavarman Chodaganga in the Chola invasion of Kalinga that takes place around this year.

Religion

Construction begins on Fontevraud Abbey in the French duchy of Anjou.

1111

By place

Levant

September 13–29 – Battle of Shaizar: Sultan Muhammad I Tapar appoints Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic governor (atabeg) of Mosul, to lead a Seljuk expedition against the Crusaders. The composite force includes Muslim contingents from Damascus, Diyarbakır, Ahlat and some Persian troops, headed by Bursuq ibn Bursuq from Hamadan. The Crusaders (16,000 men), led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, are cut off from their supplies, and within two weeks (due to constant Seljuk skirmishes) forced to fall back on Afamiya in northern Syria.
Winter – Crusaders, led by Baldwin I, besiege Tyre, without a supporting fleet. During the siege, a Byzantine embassy arrives in the Crusader camp. The Byzantines try to persuade Baldwin to join a coalition against Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, but he refuses.

Europe

March 27 – Battle of the Salnitsa river: Prince Vladimir of Kievan Rus' inflicts a crushing defeat on the Cumans (Polovtsy).
April 13 – Henry V is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II. Henry returns to Germany where he strengthens his power by granting privileges to the German nobles of the region of the Upper Rhine.
October 5 – 18-year-old Baldwin VII succeeds his father, Robert II, as Count of Flanders until 1119.
Almoravid forces under Syr ibn Abi Bakr capture Santarém and Sintra in Portugal. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground also lead to the sack of Coimbra. The same year the city revolts against their lord.
Rebellion on the borders of Normandy against the rule there of Henry I of England; Robert of Bellême is a leader of the rebels.
The commune of Lodi Vecchio (known as Laus Pompeia) is besieged and destroyed by Milanese troops in northern Italy.

British Isles

Domnall mac Taidc temporarily seizes the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and the Isle of Man) by force.
In the vicinity of Welshpool, Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys, is killed through arson by his uncle Madog ap Rhiryd, allowing Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (Iorwerth's brother) to return to rule all of Powys, but soon afterwards Madog kills Cadwgan also, allowing Owain ap Cadwgan (son of Cadwgan) to become ruler of much of the kingdom.

By topic

Education

The Donglin Academy, a Chinese educational institution, is established in Wuxi during the Northern Song dynasty.

Religion

The Synod of Rathbreasail marks the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan structure.

1112

By place

Byzantine Empire

Spring – Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, begins incursions into Anatolia. He marches on Philadelphia with his army, but is halted by the Byzantines under Gabras, governor of the Theme of Chaldia.

Levant

Spring – Seljuk forces under Toghtekin, Turkic governor of Damascus, intervene at Tyre, and force King Baldwin I of Jerusalem to raise the siege.
April 10 – The Crusaders fight their way back to Acre (modern Israel).

Europe

February 3 – Ramon Berenguer III ("the Great"), count of Barcelona, obtains the county of Provence through his marriage to the heiress, Douce I. Ramon's dominion stretches as far east as Nice (modern France).
May 22 – Henry, Count of Portugal, dies from wounds received during a siege at Astorga. He is succeeded by his 3-year-old son Afonso I, but his mother Theresa desires to rule Portugal alone and becomes regent.
Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland has his half-brother Zbigniew blinded and thrown into a dungeon in Tyniec Abbey. Archbishop Martin I excommunicates Bolesław for committing this terrible crime.
Otto ("the Rich"), count of Ballenstedt, is appointed duke of Saxony by Emperor Henry V, but is later stripped of his title.
Salzwedel in the Altmark (modern Germany) is founded.
The Margraviate of Baden is founded by Herman II.

By topic

Literature

Gallus Anonymus, Polish chronicler and historian, begins to write Gesta principum Polonorum, to Bolesław III.

Religion

Easter – The citizens of Laon in France, having proclaimed a commune, murder Bishop Waldric in his cathedral.

1113

By place

Byzantine Empire

Spring – Siege of Nicaea: Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, sends an expedition through Bithynia to the very walls of Nicaea. Seljuk forces raid Abydos on the Hellespont, with its rich custom-houses. Malik Shah attacks and captures Pergamum. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sets out to meet the Seljuk invaders. He lifts the siege at Nicaea and wins a complete victory near Cotyaeum (modern Turkey).

Levant

January 15 – The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller), founded to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, is formally recognized by the papal bull (proclamation) Pie Postulatio Voluntatis issued by Pope Paschal II.
June 28 – Battle of Al-Sannabra: The Crusaders led by Baldwin I are defeated (due to a feigned flight) by a Seljuk army under Mawdud ibn Altuntash, the Turkic governor (atabeg) of Mosul, at the Jordan River south of the Sea of Galilee. Mawdud sends raiding columns to ravage the countryside and sacks the town of Nablus.
September – King Baldwin I of Jerusalem marries Adelaide del Vasto, the wealthy widow of Count Roger I of Sicily ('Bosso') in Acre. She lands in Palestine accompanied by Arab soldiers (her personal bodyguard) and travels to Jerusalem. Their marriage is bigamous, because Baldwin is legally still married to his second wife Arda of Armenia.

Europe

April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by his 60-year-old cousin Vladimir II Monomakh. He begins a campaign against the Cumans on the steppe in an effort to reunite the land of Kievan Rus'.
September 7 – The Republic of Pisa signs a treaty with Ramon Berenguer III ('the Great'), count of Barcelona. The Pisan fleet embarks on a campaign against the Moors in the Balearic Islands.
The Republic of Florence conquers the neighboring city of Montecascioli, as part of its effort to extend its domination over the contado (provinces of Italy).
Peter Abelard, a French scholastic philosopher, opens his school in Paris, on the heights of Montagne Sainte-Geneviève (approximate date).
Queen Urraca of Castile unsuccessfully attempts to seize the city of Burgos from her ex-husband, King Alfonso the Battler.

Asia

A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains, the only extant work by the Chinese painter Wang Ximeng, is finished.
King Suryavarman II begins his reign as ruler of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia).

By topic

Religion

Bridlington Priory is founded in England, in the Diocese of York (approximate date).

1114

By place

Europe

January 7 – Emperor Henry V marries Matilda (or Maude), 11-year-old daughter of King Henry I of England, at Worms (modern Germany). A political conflict breaks out across the Holy Roman Empire after the marriage, triggered when Henry arrests Chancellor Adalbert and various other German princes.
Count Ramon Berenguer III (the Great) of Barcelona, joins the expedition to the Balearic Islands. A Pisan and Catalan fleet (some 450 ships), supported by a large army, conquer Ibiza and Mallorca. They destroy the bases on the islands used by Moorish pirates to prey on Mediterranean shipping.
Battle of Martorell: The Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Muhàmmad ibn al-Hajj, launches an expedition against the County of Barcelona, but is defeated in an ambush near Martorell.
As part of the Norman expansion southward, Count Routrou II enters the service of King Alfonso I (the Battler) of Aragon.

Asia

Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments, for use in royal banquets to the Korean court of Goryeo, by request from King Yejong.

By topic

Earthquake

November 29 – A large earthquake damages the areas of the Crusaders in the Middle East. From Antioch and Mamistra to Marash and Edessa are hit by the shocks.

Religion

The cathedral of Chichester in England, constructed of wood, is destroyed by fire.
Pontigny Abbey, a Cistercian monastery, is founded (located in Burgundy).

1115

By place

Levant

September 14 – Battle of Sarmin: The Crusaders, under Prince Roger of Salerno, surprise and rout the Seljuk Turkish army (some 8,000 men), led by Emir Bursuq ibn Bursuq, at Sarmin (modern Syria). Bursuq barely avoids capture, and escapes with a few hundred horsemen. Roger reoccupies the fortress of Kafartab, and consolidates his territory around Antioch.
The Crusader castle of Montreal (located in Jordan) is commissioned by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, during an expedition against the Seljuk Turks.

Europe

February 11 – Battle of Welfesholz: Duke Lothair of Supplinburg joins the rebellious Saxon forces, and defeats the German Imperial Army of Emperor Henry V at Welfesholz, in Saxony-Anhalt (modern Germany).
July 24 – Matilda, margravine of Tuscany, dies at Bondeno. During her reign she waged an intermittent war with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, over the inheritance rights of her fiefs in Lombardy and Tuscany.

Asia

The Jin dynasty (1115–1234) (or Great Jin) is created by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Taizu (or Aguda). He establishes a dual-administration system: a Chinese-style bureaucracy to rule over northern and northeast China.
The 19-year-old Minamoto no Tameyoshi, Japanese nobleman and samurai, gains recognition by suppressing a riot against Emperor Toba at a monastery near Kyoto (approximate date).

Mesoamerica

The Mixtec ruler Eight Deer Jaguar Claw is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a coalition of city-states, led by his brother-in law Four Wind, at Tilantongo in the Mixteca Alta region (modern Mexico).

By topic

Religion

Arnulf of Chocques is accused of sexual relations with a Muslim woman. He is briefly removed from his position as patriarch of Jerusalem.
Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher, becomes master of the cathedral school of Notre-Dame and meets Héloïse d'Argenteuil.
Clairvaux Abbey is founded by Bernard, French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism, in France.
Hugh of Saint Victor, French theologian and writer, joins the Victorines (at the Augustinian Abbey of St. Victor) in Paris.

1116

By place

Byzantine Empire

Autumn – Battle of Philomelion (1116): Emperor Alexios I Komnenos leads an expedition into Anatolia and meets the Seljuk army under Sultan Malik Shah (near Philomelium). The Byzantines introduce a new battle formation of Alexios' devising, the parataxis (a defensive formation, consisting of a hollow square, with the baggage in the centre). During the battle, the Seljuk Turks mount several attacks on the formations, but all are repulsed. The Byzantine cavalry makes two counterattacks; the first is unsuccessful. But a second attack, led by Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger, breaks the Seljuk forces, who then turn to flight. The following day Malik Shah again attacks, his army completely surrounding the Byzantines from all sides. The Seljuk Turks are once more repulsed, with many losses. Alexios claims the victory, and Malik Shah is forced to accept a peace treaty, in which he promises to respect the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire.

Levant

Summer – Crusaders under King Baldwin I of Jerusalem undertake an expedition to Egypt and march as far as Akaba on the Red Sea. After the local inhabitants flee from the town, Baldwin constructs castles in Akaba and on a nearby island. He leaves a garrison in both fortresses. The three Crusader strongholds – Montréal, Eilat, and Graye – secure the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt.
Autumn – Baldwin I hastens to Tyre (modern Lebanon) and begins the construction of a new fortress, known as Scandelion Castle, at the Ladder of Tyre, which completes the blockade of the town from the mainland.

Europe

February 3 – Coloman, King of Hungary ("the Learned") dies after a 21-year reign in which he has consolidated the feudal system in Hungary and expanded the frontier (partly by overthrowing Petar Snačić, king of Croatia).
Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona ("the Great"), sails to Rome in an effort to gain support from the Italian states and a licence from Pope Paschal II for his crusade against the Moors in Spain.
July 15 – Ordelafo Faliero, doge of Venice, defeats Hungarian troops under King Stephen II, who have arrived to relieve Zadar; the remaining towns of Dalmatia surrender to Venice.
The settlement of Malamocco on the Venice Lido is submerged as a result of an exceptional storm surge.
Portuguese forces under Countess Theresa take two Galician cities, Tui and Ourense. In reply, the sister of Theresa, Queen Urraca ("the Reckless"), attacks Portugal.
Almoravid troops conquer the Balearic Islands, whose Moorish rulers have been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.

Wales

The Welsh under King Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth attack Llandovery Castle, but are defeated. Gruffydd also attacks Swansea Castle and destroys the outer walls.

Africa

The Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya, Ali ibn Yahya, conquers the island of Jerba, then acting as an independent piratical republic.

By topic

Art and Music

Aak music is introduced to the Korean court, through a large gift of 428 musical instruments as well as 572 costumes and ritual dance objects from China, by Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty.

Religion

Construction starts on the Chennakeshava Temple (located on the Yagachi River) commissioned by King Vishnuvardhana at Belur in India.
The monastery and cathedral at Peterborough in England are destroyed by fire.

1117

By place

Europe

January 3 – 1117 Verona earthquake. The earthquake is rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and strikes northern Italy and Germany. The epicentre of the first shock is near Verona, the city which suffers the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre is partially felled, and the standing portion is damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments are destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding.
King Stephen II of Hungary regains Dalmatia from the Republic of Venice while the Venetians are on a naval expedition. Doge Ordelafo Faliero dies in battle (near Zadar) against the Hungarians. Faliero is succeeded by Domenico Michiel, who reconquers more territory and agrees to a 5-year truce with Hungary.
Ramon Berenguer III ("the Great"), count of Barcelona, inherits Cerdanya (located between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River) which becomes part of the Principality of Catalonia.
Vladislaus I, duke of Bohemia, abdicates in favor of his brother Bořivoj II, but retains much of the actual power.
The Almoravids briefly reconquer Coimbra (modern Portugal).

Seljuk Empire

Battle of Ghazni: Seljuk forces under Ahmad Sanjar (supporting the claim of Bahram-Shah) invade Afghanistan and defeat the ruling Sultan Arslan-Shah. Bahram succeeds his brother as ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire.

Africa

Conflict between the de facto independent Muslim republics of Gabès and Mahdia (modern Tunisia) in Ifriqiya. Madhia is supported by the Zirid Dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of Roger II, count of Sicily.

Levant

The Crusaders led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem raid Pelusium in Egypt and burn the city to the ground. Baldwin marches back to Palestine and strengthens the fortifications of the southern frontier.

Asia

King Mahaabarana Adeettiya (Koimala) from the Theemuge Dynasty becomes the first king to rule over the whole Maldives. He reclaims the northern atolls from the Indian invaders.
The sōhei or warrior monks of Mii-dera and Enryaku-ji unite their forces to attack Nara in Japan.

By topic

Education

May 3 – Merton Priory (previously established at Huntingdon) is consecrated at a site near London. The priory becomes an important centre of learning and diplomacy in England.

Technology

The magnetic compass is first used for maritime navigation purposes during the Song dynasty in China.

1118

By place

Byzantine Empire

August 15 – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos dies after a 37-year reign, in which he has regained control over western Anatolia (modern Turkey). He stabilizes his frontiers against the wars with the Normans in the western Balkans, and the Seljuk Turks in the East. Alexios is succeeded by his 30-year-old son, John II Komnenos (the Good), as ruler of the Byzantine Empire.

Europe

Peace between England and Flanders is agreed upon.

British Isles

Enna mac Donnchada mac Murchada becomes King of Dublin in Ireland.
Cu Faifne mac Congalaig becomes King of Uí Failghe in Ireland.
Maelsechlainn Ua Faelain becomes King of the Déisi Muman in Ireland.
The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog are annexed by Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd in Wales.
The Archbishop of York is no longer required to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Reconstruction begins on Peterborough Cathedral in England, destroyed by fire in 1116.

Eastern Europe

Đorđe Vojislavljević ruler of Serbia, is overthrown by Uroš I of Raška.
George I of Duklja is overthrown by his cousin Grubeša.
Radostl becomes Bishop of Krakow.
Zbraslav, now part of Prague, is founded.
Sylvester of Kiev becomes bishop of Pereiaslav.

France

A rebellion against Henry I of England breaks out in Normandy.
Alberich of Rheims becomes Master at the school of Rheims.
Charles I, Count of Flanders marries Margaret of Clermont.
Peter Abelard and Héloïse d'Argenteuil have a child and marry secretly in Paris. Her uncle Fulbert has Abelard castrated, and both Abelard and Héloïse enter religious orders.
Amaury IV de Montfort divorces his wife Richilde, daughter of Baldwin II of Hainaut.
Wulgrin III becomes Count of Angoulême.
Gervais becomes Count of Rethel.
Montlhéry Castle is dismantled by Louis VI of France.

Germany

Magdeburg is almost destroyed by fire.
Reichenbach Abbey is founded.
Zwickau, Eisenstadt, Kirchgandern, and Wolfenbüttel are first mentioned.
Otto of Bamberg is suspended by the Pope, and Norbert of Xanten defends himself against charges of heresy, at the Synod of Fritzlar.

Italy

January 24 – Pope Gelasius II succeeds Pope Paschal II as the 161st pope.
March 10 – Gregory VIII is elected antipope.
September 26 – Pisa Cathedral in the March of Tuscany is consecrated by Pope Gelasius II.
The restoration of Santa Maria in Cosmedin begins.
The economic competition between Milan and Como drives the two cities to war.

Scandinavia

Upon the death of his brother Philip, Inge the Younger becomes sole king of Sweden.
Þorlákur Runólfsson becomes Bishop of Skálholt.

Spain

The Almoravids lose their control of the Ebro valley:
- Pope Gelasius II grants the status of Crusade to the Christian effort in the Ebro Valley, attracting numerous Gascon, Occitan and Norman knights.
- December 18 – Alfonso the Battler expels the Moors from Zaragoza. The Aragonese reconquer many of the valleys of the Jalón and the Jiloca.
- The troops of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, led by archbishop Oleguer Bonestruga, capture Tarragona from the Moors.

East Asia

The Genei era begins in Japan.
The Zenghe era of Emperor Huizong of Song China ends, and the Chonghe era begins.
The Yongning era of Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia ends.

Caucasus

David IV of Georgia captures Lori from the Seljuk Turks.
David IV of Georgia settles a number of Kipchaks in Georgia.

Western Asia

June 11 – Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, captures Azaz from the Seljuk Turks.
The Byzantine general Philocales captures Sardis, from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
Baldwin I of Jerusalem invades Egypt, but dies of an old wound.
Baldwin of Le Bourg succeeds his cousin Baldwin I, as King of Jerusalem.
Roman of Le Puy becomes lord of Oultrejordain.
Joscelin I succeeds Baldwin of Le Bourg, as Count of Edessa.
Garmond of Picquigny becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
Suleyman I ibn al-Ghazi becomes emir of Aleppo.
Ahmed Sanjar and Mahmud II proclaim themselves rival Seljuk sultans, upon the death of Mehmed I of Great Seljuk.
Al-Mustarshid becomes Abbasid caliph.
Bahram Shah becomes Ghaznavid Emperor.
Knights Templar were founded in Jerusalem

South Asia

June 29 – Vikram Chola becomes regent of the Chola kingdom.
Battle of Kennagal: The Hoysala Empire defeats the Chalukya

1119

By place

Levant

June 28 – Battle of Ager Sanguinis: The Crusader army of the Principality of Antioch under Roger of Salerno is ambushed and annihilated near Sarmada by the combined Muslim forces (20,000 men) of Ilghazi, the Artuqid ruler of Aleppo. Muslim troops are sent to raid the suburbs of Antioch and sack the port of Saint Symeon. The Crusader fortresses at Atarib, Zardana, Sarmin, Ma'arrat al-Nu'man and Kafr Tab are captured. Ilghazi makes a triumphant entry at Aleppo, Crusader prisoners are dragged in chains – where they are tortured to death in the streets. The massacre leads to the name of the battle, Ager Sanguinis (or "the Field of Blood").
August 14 – Battle of Hab: The Crusaders under King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (supported by forces of Pons, Count of Tripoli) defeat Ilghazi's army at Ariha in Syria. Baldwin manages to re-capture all of the Crusader castles and returns to Antioch in triumph. He stabilizes the frontiers and prevents Ilghazi from marching on Antioch.

Europe

August 20 – Battle of Brémule: King Henry I of England defeats King Louis VI ("the Fat") of France and his 400 knights in Normandy. A skirmish that begins with the French launching a fierce but disordered attack, and ends with the French turning tail. Louis agrees to make peace and formally recognizes William Adelin as duke of Normandy.

England

Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, grants and confirms the church of St. Hilda of Middlesbrough to Whitby.
September 19 – A severe earthquake hits Gloucestershire and Warwickshire.

By topic

Religion

January 29 – Pope Gelasius II dies in exile after a 1-year pontificate at the Abbey of Cluny. He is succeeded by Callixtus II as the 162nd pope of the Catholic Church.
March – Olegarius Bonestruga, archbishop of Tarragona, preaches successfully a Crusade against the Moors in Catalonia.
Council of Toulouse: The Catholic Church condemned anyone who denied the Eucharist, infant baptism, ordination of priests, and lawful marriage as a heretic.
Council of Reims: The Catholic Church condemned those who have seized ecclesiastical property, prohibited charging a fee for burial or sacrament, banned priests, deacons and sub-deacons from having wives or mistresses, condemned simony, and reaffirmed Emperor Henry V's excommunication.

Technology

Zhu Yu, a Chinese historian, publishes his book Pingzhou Table Talks, describing the earliest known use of bulkheads to provide separate hull compartments in ships. Zhu Yu's book is also the first to report the use of a magnetic compass for navigation at sea. (The first actual description, however, of the magnetic compass is by another Chinese writer Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays, published in 1088.)

Significant people

Pope Paschal II
Al-Mustazhir caliph of Baghdad
Muhammad Tapar Seljuk sultan

Births

1110

Aelred of Rievaulx, English Cistercian monk and abbot (d. 1167)
Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne, Jewish rabbi and writer (approximate date)
Abraham ibn Daud, Jewish astronomer and historian (d. 1180)
Walter fitz Alan, Scottish High Steward (approximate date)
Clarembald of Arras, French theologian and writer (d. 1187)
Diarmait Mac Murchada, Irish king of Leinster (d. 1171)
Düsum Khyenpa, Tibetan spiritual leader (karmapa) (d. 1193)
Odo of Deuil (or Eudes), French abbot and historian (d. 1162)
Gertrude of Sulzbach, German queen (approximate date)
Gilbert Foliot, English abbot and bishop (approximate date)
Hodierna of Jerusalem, countess of Tripoli (approximate date)
Iorwerth Goch ap Maredudd, Welsh prince (approximate date)
John Tzetzes, Byzantine grammarian (approximate date)
Kirik the Novgorodian, Russian monk and chronicler (d. 1156)
Lhachen Naglug, Indian ruler of Ladakh (approximate date)
Liu Wansu, Chinese physician of the Jin dynasty (d. 1200)
Odo de St Amand (or Eudes), French Grand Master of the Knights Templar (d. 1179)
Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo, Tibetan Buddhist monk (d. 1170)
Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall (d. 1175)
Robert of Torigni, Norman monk and abbot (d. 1186)
Rohese de Vere, countess of Essex (approximate date)
Rostislav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (approximate date)
Vladislaus II (or Vladislav), king of Bohemia (d. 1174)
William III ("the Child"), count of Burgundy (d. 1127)

1111

Stephen of Armenia, Armenian nobleman (d. 1165)
Approximate date
- Afonso I (the Conqueror), King of Portugal (d. 1185)
- Agnes of Babenberg, High Duchess of Poland (d. 1163)
- Andrey Bogolyubsky, Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (d. 1174)
- Henry II, Duke of Limburg (House of Ardenne) (d. 1167)
- Josceline de Bohon, bishop of Salisbury (d. 1184)

1112

García IV ("the Restorer"), king of Navarre (d. 1150)
February 3 – Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir, was the son of Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir and Ismah.
Henry II (Jasomirgott), duke of Austria (d. 1177)
Henry IV ("the Blind"), count of Luxembourg (d. 1196)
Mahaut of Albon, countess of Savoy (d. 1148)
Sasaki Hideyoshi, Japanese samurai (d. 1184)
Sibylla of Anjou, countess of Flanders (d. 1165)

1113

January 11 – Wang Chongyang, Chinese Daoist (d. 1170)
August 24 – Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou ("the Fair") (d. 1151)
Donnchad I, Earl of Fife (Duncan), Scottish nobleman (d. 1154)
Frederick of Hallum, Frisian priest and abbot (d. 1175)
Shams-ul-Mulk Isma'il, Seljuk governor (d. 1135)
Shun'e (or Tayū no Kimi), Japanese poet (d. 1191)
Stefan Nemanja, Grand Prince of Serbia (d. 1199)
Walter de Clifford, English nobleman (d. 1190)

1114

Al-Suhayli, Moorish scholar and writer (d. 1185)
Bhāskara II, Indian mathematician (d. 1185)
Dirk VI (or Theodoric), count of Holland (d. 1157)
Fujiwara no Shunzei, Japanese nobleman (d. 1204)
Gebhard III, German nobleman (approximate date)
Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator (d. 1187)
Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Northumbria (d. 1152)
Otto I, German bishop and chronicler (d. 1158)
Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona (d. 1162)

1115

April 18 – Gertrude of Süpplingenburg, German duchess and regent (d. 1143)
September 18 – Empress Wu (Song dynasty), Chinese consort (d. 1197)
Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, English nobleman (approximate date)
Berenguer Ramon, Count of Provence (d. 1144)
Erling Skakke, Norwegian nobleman (approximate date)
Eustathius of Thessalonica, Byzantine archbishop (d. 1195)
Euthymios Malakes, Byzantine bishop (approximate date)
Fulk I FitzWarin (or Fulke), English nobleman (d. 1170)
Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford, English nobleman (d. 1152)
Hugo Etherianis, Italian cardinal and adviser (d. 1182)
Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi, German rabbi and writer (d. 1200)
Li Tao (or Renfu), Chinese historian and writer (d. 1184)
Magnus IV ("the Blind"), king of Norway (approximate date)
Pedro Fernández de Castro (Grand Master of the Order of Santiago), Spanish nobleman (d. 1184)
Peter Cellensis, French abbot and bishop (d. 1183)
Roger de Pont L'Évêque, Norman archbishop (d. 1181)
Welf VI, margrave of Tuscany (House of Welf) (d. 1191)
Wichmann von Seeburg, German archbishop (d. 1192)
William V, Marquis of Montferrat ("the Old"), ruler of the March of Montferrat (d. 1191)

1116 (some dates approximate)

April 12 – Richeza of Poland, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1156)
August 29 – Philip of France, king of France (d. 1131)
November 23 – William FitzRobert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester (d. 1183)
Berengaria of Barcelona, queen consort of León and Castile (d. 1149)
Ibn Saad al-Khair al-Balancy, Arab Andalusian linguist and poet (d. 1175)
Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, Arab historian and writer (d. 1176)
Ibn al-Jawzi, Arab historian and philologist (d. 1201)
Ibn Mada', Arab scholar and polymath (d. 1196)
Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford, Anglo-Norman noble (d. 1173)
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, Irish king of Connacht (d. 1198)

1117

September 7 – Nicolò Politi, Italian hermit (d. 1167)
Fujiwara no Nariko, Japanese empress (d. 1160)
Gerard la Pucelle, bishop of Coventry (d. 1184)
Henry I, count of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1182)
Humphrey II of Toron, constable of Jerusalem (d. 1179)
Maurice of Carnoet, French Cistercian abbot (d. 1191)
Otto I ("the Redhead"), duke of Bavaria (d. 1183)
Robert FitzRanulph, English high sheriff (d. 1172)
Simon III de Montfort, French nobleman (d. 1181)

1118

November 28 – Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1180)
Ahmad al-Rifa'i, Arab founder of the Rifa'i Sufi Order
Andronikos I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1185)
Christina of Denmark, queen of Norway (approximate date)
Gualdim Pais, Portuguese knight and Grand Master (d. 1195)
Hartwig of Stade, archbishop of Bremen (d. 1168)
Narathu, Burmese ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1171)
Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus and Aleppo (d. 1174)
Odo II, French nobleman (House of Burgundy) (d. 1162)
Roger III, Norman duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1148)
Roger of Worcester, English bishop (approximate date)
Saigyō Hōshi, Japanese poet and writer (d. 1190)
Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader (d. 1181)
Vakhtang (or Tsuata), Georgian nobleman (d. 1138)

1119

February 28 – Xi Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1150)
July 7 – Sutoku, Japanese emperor (d. 1164)
Ahmed-Al-Kabeer, Arab Sufi teacher (d. 1182)
Aldebrandus, bishop of Fossombrone (d. 1219)
Matthias I, duke of Lorraine (approximate date)
Tancred, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey (d. 1148)

Deaths

1110

July 10 – Elias I of Maine (de Baugency), French nobleman
November 12 – Gebhard III, bishop of Constance
Lhachen Utpala, Indian king of Ladakh (b. 1080)
Li Jie, Chinese writer of the Song dynasty (b. 1065)
Richard of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman
Robert Scalio of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman
Thiofrid, Benedictine abbot of Echternach
Vijayabahu I, Sri Lankan king of Polonnaruwa
William Bona Anima, archbishop of Rouen

1111

January 29 – Piotr I, bishop of Wrocław
February 22 – Roger Borsa, Italo-Norman nobleman
March 3 – Bohemond I, Italo-Norman nobleman (b. 1054)
April 12 – Berthold II, German nobleman (b. 1050)
April 17 – Robert of Molesme, French abbot (b. 1028)
June 15 – Yun Kwan, Korean general (b. 1040)
September 27 – Vekenega, Croatian abbess
October 5 – Robert II, Count of Flanders, died in battle (b. 1065)
October 7 – Anna Polovetskaya, Kievan princess
October 26 (probable year) – Gómez González, Castilian nobleman, killed in battle
November 8 – Otto II, German nobleman, murdered
December 19
- Agnes of Rheinfelden, German noblewoman
- Al-Ghazali, Persian theologian (b. 1058)
Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Welsh Prince of Powys, murdered (b. 1051)
Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, Welsh Prince of Powys, murdered (b. 1053)
Ōe no Masafusa, Japanese poet and writer (b. 1041)
Richard II, Italian consul and Duke of Gaeta

1112

Easter – Waldric, English Lord Chancellor and Bishop of Laon, murdered (b. 1050)
May 13 – Ulric II (or Udalrich), Italian nobleman
October 5 – Sigebert of Gembloux, French chronicler
October 12 – Kogh Vasil ("the Robber"), Armenian ruler
November 3 – Anna Vsevolodovna, Kievan princess
Baldric of Noyon, bishop of Tournai (b. 1099)
Bertrand of Tripoli, count of Toulouse and Tripoli
Elimar I (or Egilmar), count of Oldenburg (b. 1040)
Fakhr-un-Nisa, Arab scholar and calligrapher
George II (or Giorgi), king of Georgia (b. 1054)
Ghibbelin (or Gibelin), archbishop of Arles
Henry (or Henri), count of Portugal (b. 1066)
Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (or 1113)
Maud of Apulia, Norman noblewoman (b. c.1060)
Su Zhe, Chinese politician and historian (b. 1039)
Tancred, Italo-Norman nobleman (b. 1075)
Vukan I, Grand Prince of Serbia (b. 1050)

1113

January 5 – Ulrich I, Moravian ruler (House of Přemyslid)
April 13 – Ida of Lorraine, French countess (b. 1040)
April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1050)
August 4 – Gertrude of Saxony, countess of Holland
October 2 – Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic governor
December 10 – Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, Seljuk ruler
Dharanindravarman I, king of the Khmer Empire
Girard I (or Guinard), count of Roussillon (b. 1070)
Ibn Tahir of Caesarea, Arab historian (b. 1056)
Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (or 1112)
Liu, Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (b. 1079)
Nestor the Chronicler, Russian historian (or 1114)
Odo of Tournai, bishop of Cambrai (b. 1060)
Syr ibn Abi Bakr, Almoravid military leader
Wuyashu, chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (b. 1061)

1114

February 24 – Thomas II, archbishop of York
October – Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir, was the son of Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir and Ismah.
Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi, Arab theologian (or 1115)
Álvar Fáñez (or Háñez), Castilian nobleman
Alypius of the Caves, Kievan monk and painter
Erard I, French nobleman and crusader (b. 1060)
Nestor the Chronicler, Kievan historian (or 1113)
Richard of Salerno, Norman nobleman (b. 1060)
Shahriyar IV, king of Mazandaran (b. 1039)
Tokushi, Japanese empress consort (b. 1060)

1115

16 May – Lambert of Arras, Flemish bishop
July 8 – Peter the Hermit, French religious leader
July 24 – Matilda, margravine of Tuscany (b. 1046)
September 27 – Bonfilius, Italian Saint, bishop of Foligno
December 22 – Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (b. 1099)
December 23 – Ivo of Chartres, French bishop (b. 1040)
December 30 – Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine
Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi, Arab theologian (or 1114)
Adela of Flanders, queen consort of Denmark (b. 1064)
Artau II, Count of Pallars Sobirà, Catalan nobleman (approximate date)
Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec ruler (b. 1063)
Gerberga, Countess of Provence (or Gerburge)
Godfrey of Amiens, French bishop (b. 1066)
Leo Marsicanus, Italian cardinal (b. 1046)
Mazdali ibn Tilankan, Almoravid governor
Odo of Champagne (Odo II or Eudes), French nobleman
Reynelm (or Reinelm), English bishop of Hereford
Shin Arahan, Burmese religious adviser
Tanchelm of Antwerp, Flemish priest
Turgot of Durham, English churchman, bishop of St Andrews

1116 (some dates approximate)

February 3 – Coloman ("the Learned"), king of Hungary
February 13 – Galon (or Gallo), bishop of Beauvais
Abu Nasr Farsi, Persian statesman and poet (or 1117)
Bagrat Pakrad, Armenian nobleman and adventurer
Jimena Díaz, Spanish noblewoman
Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum
Mary of Scotland, countess of Boulogne (b. 1082)
Robert of Arbrissel, founder of Fontevrault Abbey

1117

February 14 – Bertrade de Montfort, French queen (b. 1070)
April 11 – Tescelin le Roux, Burgundian nobleman (b. 1070)
April 14 – Bernard of Thiron, founder of the Tironensian Order (b. 1046)
April 16 – Magnus Erlendsson, Norse earl of Orkney (b. 1080)
September 1 – Robert de Limesey, bishop of Coventry
December 9 – Gertrude of Brunswick, margravine of Meissen
Abu'l-Fath Yusuf, Persian vizier of Arslan-Shah of Ghazna
Abu Nasr Farsi, Persian statesman and poet (or 1116)
Anselm of Laon (or Ansel), French theologian and writer
Danxia Zichun, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1064)
Faritius (or Faricius), Italian abbot and physician
Gertrude of Flanders, duchess of Lorraine (b. 1070)
Gilbert Crispin, Norman abbot and theologian (b. 1055)
Gilbert Fitz Richard, English nobleman (b. 1066)
Lu'lu' al-Yaya, Seljuk ruler and regent of Aleppo
Ordelafo Faliero (or Dodoni), doge of Venice

1118

January 21 – Paschal II, pope of the Catholic Church
April 2 – Baldwin I (of Boulogne), king of Jerusalem
April 16
- Adelaide del Vasto, countess of Sicily
- William d'Évreux, Norman nobleman
May 1 – Matilda of Scotland, queen of England (b. c.1080)
June 5 – Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester
July 3 – Raymond of Toulouse, French chanter
August 6 – Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid caliph (b. 1078)
August 15 – Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor
November 28 – Philippa, French noblewoman
Al-Tighnari, Arab botanist and physician (b. 1073)
Anseau of Garlande, French nobleman (b. 1069)
Arnulf of Chocques, patriarch of Jerusalem
Arslan-Shah, sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire
Basil the Physician, Bogomil religious leader
Bernard II (or William), count of Cerdanya
Diarmait Ua Briain, king of Munster
Florence of Worcester, English monk
Fujiwara no Nakazane, Japanese nobleman (b. 1057)
Furong Daokai, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 1043)
George of Chqondidi, Georgian archbishop
Gissur Ísleifsson, Icelandic bishop
Helperich, margrave of the Nordmark
Hugh I, French nobleman (b. 1040)
Jaquinta of Bari, queen of Duklja
Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine abbot (b. 1026)
Maria of Alania, Byzantine empress (b. 1053)
Milo II of Montlhéry, French nobleman
Muhammad I (Tapar), Seljuk sultan (b. 1082)
Philip, king of Sweden (House of Stenkil)
Ruaidrí na Saide Buide, king of Connacht
Vladimir II, king of Duklja (approximate date)
William V of Angoulême, French nobleman

1119

January 29 – Gelasius II, pope of the Catholic Church
February – Geoffrey de Clive, English bishop
March 10 – Muirchertach Ua Briain, Irish king of Munster
March 29 – Peter de Honestis, Lombard monk
June 20 – Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick, Norman nobleman
June 27 – Herwig of Meissen, German bishop
June 28 – Roger of Salerno, Norman nobleman
July 17 – Baldwin VII, count of Flanders (b. 1093)
July 22 – Herbert de Losinga, English bishop
August 4 – Landulf II, archbishop of Benevento
August – Robert the Leper, French nobleman in the Principality of Antioch, executed
September 13 – Gleb Vseslavich, Kievan prince
October 13 – Alan IV, duke of Brittany (b. 1063)
Aedh Ua Con Ceannainn, king of Uí Díarmata
Ibn Aqil, Persian Islamic theologian and jurist (b. 1040)
Johannes of Jerusalem, French abbot (b. 1042)
Wang Ximeng, Chinese painter (b. 1096)

References

↑ Sébastien Guillet; et al. (Apr 21, 2020). "Climatic and societal impacts of a "forgotten" cluster of volcanic eruptions in 1108-1110 CE". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 6715. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6715G. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63339-3. PMC 7174372. PMID 32317759.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 93. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 74. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Comyn, Robert (1851). History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V. Vol I.
↑ Chibnall, Marjorie (1991). Matilda of England (1102–1167), Empress, Consort of Henry V. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 22 December 2013.
↑ Struk, Danylo Husar (1993). Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume IV: Ph-Sr. University of Toronto Press. p. 522. ISBN 9781442651265.
1 2 Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 75, 98–99. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
↑ de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique (1998). Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial. Paris: Karthala. p. 44. ISBN 2-86537-844-6.
↑ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
↑ Annals of Inisfallen.
↑ Lloyd, John Edward (1911). A History of Wales: from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest. London: Longmans, Green.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 111. ISBN 978-0241-29876-3.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 76. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Dell'Umbria, Alèssi (2006). Histoire universelle de Marseille, de l'an mil à l'an deux mille. Marseille: Agone. p. 19. ISBN 2-7489-0061-8.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 112. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 102. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp.83–84. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Catlos, Brian A. (2004). The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050-1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 0-521-82234-3.
↑ Marjorie Chibnall (1991). The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English, p. 27. London, UK: Basil Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-15737-3.
↑ Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 86.
↑ McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 105. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p. 25.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Comyn, Robert (1851). History of the Western Empire from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, p. 181.
↑ Pohl, John M. D. (2002). The Legend of Lord Eight Deer: An Epic of Ancient Mexico. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514019-4. OCLC 47054677.
↑ Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11710-5.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 112. ISBN 978-0241-29876-3.
↑ Steven Runciman (1989). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 98. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06162-9.
↑ Steven Runciman (1989). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp.98–99. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06162-9.
↑ Castagnetti, A. (1992) "Insediamenti e "populi"" in Storia di Venezia. vol. 1 - Origini, Età ducale, Treccani.
↑ Luigi Lanfranchi, L.; Zille, G. (1958) "Il territorio del Ducato Veneziano dall'VIII al XII secolo", in Storia di Venezia. pp. 27-28.
↑ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 83.
↑ "Swansea Castle: 1100–1200 – Welsh Princes and Marcher Lords". City and County of Swansea. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
↑ Bresc, Henri (2003). "La Sicile et l'escape libyen au Moyen Age" (PDF). Mediterranea: Richerche Storiche. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
↑ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, p. 25. Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876)
↑ Banca Ipermediale delle Vetrate Italiane, Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
↑ G. Solinas (1981), Storia di Verona (Verona: Centro Rinascita), 244. The late eight- or early ninth-century Versus de Verona contains a now indispensable description of Verona's early medieval architecture, including Roman ruins.
↑ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 84.
↑ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges, p. 391. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9.
↑ Bresc, Henri (2003). "La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age" (PDF). Mediterranea: Ricerche Storiche. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
↑ Houses of Austin canons: Priory of St. Mary of Merton A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 2, ed. H. E. Malden (London, 1967). Retrieved April 9, 2015.
↑ Colin A. Ronan (1986). The Shorter Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 3, pp. 28–29. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31560-9.
↑ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
↑ "Peterborough Cathedral website". Retrieved 2007-12-19.
↑ The Letters of Abelard and Heloise (Revised ed.). London: Penguin. 2003. p. x. ISBN 978-0-140-44899-3.
↑ Stalls, Clay (1995). Possessing the land: Aragon's expansion into Islam's Ebro frontier under Alfonso the Battler, 1104-1134. Brill. p. viii. ISBN 90-04-10367-8.
↑ Gilbert Meynier (2010) L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; pp.86.
↑ McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
↑ Stratton, J.M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
↑ McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
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↑ Vanderputten, Steven (2013). Reform, Conflict, and the Shaping of Corporate Identities: Collected Studies on Benedictine Monasticism, 1050-1150. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 69. ISBN 978-3-643-90429-4. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
↑ "Matilda of Canossa | countess of Tuscany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
↑ Nicolini, Ugolino. "Bonfiglio, santo". Treccani. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 12 (1971). Retrieved 8 March 2023.
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[1] Sébastien Guillet; et al. (Apr 21, 2020). "Climatic and societal impacts of a "forgotten" cluster of volcanic eruptions in 1108-1110 CE". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 6715. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6715G. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63339-3. PMC 7174372. PMID 32317759.

[2] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 93. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.

[3] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 74. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.

[4] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.

[5] Comyn, Robert (1851). History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V. Vol I.

[6] Chibnall, Marjorie (1991). Matilda of England (1102–1167), Empress, Consort of Henry V. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 22 December 2013.

[7] Struk, Danylo Husar (1993). Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume IV: Ph-Sr. University of Toronto Press. p. 522. ISBN 9781442651265.

[Runciman-8] 1 2 Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 75, 98–99. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.

[picard2000-9] Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.

[10] Oliveira Marques, António Henrique (1998). Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial. Paris: Karthala. p. 44. ISBN 2-86537-844-6.

[11] Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.

[12] Annals of Inisfallen.

[13] Lloyd, John Edward (1911). A History of Wales: from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest. London: Longmans, Green.

[14] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 111. ISBN 978-0241-29876-3.

[15] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 76. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.

[16] Dell'Umbria, Alèssi (2006). Histoire universelle de Marseille, de l'an mil à l'an deux mille. Marseille: Agone. p. 19. ISBN 2-7489-0061-8.

[17] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 112. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.

[18] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 102. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.

[19] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp.83–84. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.

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