Red triangle (badge)

VVN-BdA protest in 2025 against the AfD.
Protest against Alternative for Germany (AfD) in 2021.
Dachau uniform at Belgium's National Museum of the Resistance
The Red Wedge, Nikolai Kolli, 1918

The red triangle, also known as the red wedge, was a required badge worn by left-wing dissidents incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps during World War Two. An upward-pointing red triangle patch designated prisoners within the jurisdiction of the Wehrmacht, including prisoners of war,[citation needed] spies, and military deserters. An inverted red triangle was worn by political prisoners, including resistance fighters. The red triangle designated communists, liberals, anarchists, Social Democrats, and Freemasons, among others. After the war, the inverted red triangle symbol was reclaimed by anti-fascists in Europe, in a way similar to the reclamation of the pink triangle used to mark gay prisoners. The reclaimed red triangle symbol has been used as the logo of the Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists in Germany and numerous other post-war remembrances and memorial groups. It has also been worn as a lapel pin by left-wing politicians from Belgium, France, and Spain.

Other left-wing, anti-fascist, and resistance groups have used red triangle or red wedge symbols that reference images from before World War II. One of these is Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, a 1919 propaganda poster by El Lissitzky. An earlier image recalled by some labour movements is an equilateral triangle representing eight hours of work, eight hours of leisure, and eight hours of sleep in a 24-hour day.

In 2020, Donald Trump's presidential re-election campaign attracted controversy for its use of the symbol in social media advertisements attacking his opponents, whom he described as "Antifa."

Before Nazi Germany

Eight-hour workday

The red triangle has been a left-wing political symbol since the 19th century. On Labor Day in 1890 in France, workers wore a red triangle as a symbol of the eight-hour working day they were fighting for; the three points of the triangle represented 8 hours of work, 8 hours of rest, and 8 hours of leisure. The red triangle is still used with this meaning in some parts of Europe, in conjunction with Labour Day celebrations on 8 May.

In July 1889 in Paris, the Second International, the workers' association of European socialist and workers' parties, decided that workers would demonstrate on May 1 of the following year to demand the eight-hour working day. The red leather triangle was adopted on 1 May 1890 in Paris during the workers' struggles so that demonstrators could distinguish themselves from uninvolved citizens. The inscription "1 May, 8 hours of work" was sewn onto red triangle badges for the demonstration.

Following the immense success of the 1 May 1890 mobilization – in Belgium, 150,000 workers went on strike – the date was designated International Workers' Day (French: Journée internationale des travailleurs). The eight-hour day was obtained in 1919 in France and in 1921 in Belgium.

El Lissitzky's Red Wedge

Cover of Der Apikojres [he] № 6 (Yiddish: דער אפיקוירעס), by El Lissitzky in 1931 (a periodical published by the League of Militant Atheists).

Symbols similar to the red triangle were used in far-left politics in early 20th century Russia. A red triangle or red wedge features on some early communist posters. A red wedge appeared in a 1919 Soviet propaganda poster by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, entitled "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge", referring to the anti-communist White movement, which was defeated by the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. The title, allegedly recommended by Ilya Ehrenburg, is possibly a response to the pogrom slogan "Beat the Jews!" (Russian: Бей жидов!, romanized: Bej zhidov!). The full slogan was Beat the Jews – save Russia! [ru] (Russian: Бей жидов — спасай Россию!), and it was predominantly used by right-wing monarchists and their militant Black Hundreds.

Numerous modern left-wing groups and publications have used symbols that reference the red wedge, or the reclamation of the red triangle badge that the Nazis used to mark their political opponents, or both. The black flag used by modern anti-fascists (Antifa) also dates back to the era of the Russian Revolution. The El Lissitzky poster was the namesake of the 1980s British left-wing musical collective Red Wedge. The group opposed British conservatives but did not describe themselves as communist.

El Lissitzky's 1919 anti-White movement poster, Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge (Russian: Клином красным бей белых).

Opponents of the Nazi Party

Background to Nazi persecution of left-wing opponents

The colour of the symbol comes from the party colours of the Communist Party of Germany, one of the first groups detained in the Nazi concentration camps. Nazi crackdowns on their left-wing political enemies started very early. The poem First They Came by Martin Niemöller, a German priest, begins, "When the Nazis came for the communists, I kept quiet; I wasn't a communist" (German: Als die Nazis die Kommunisten holten). The most common English version begins, "First they came for the Communists". In a 2024 article about the origins of the red triangle symbol, Germany's public broadcaster Deutsche Welle reported, "At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors.. most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries".

The red triangle badge in Nazi concentration camps

Red triangle
prisoner categories
communists
social democrats
liberals
members of the Resistance
anarchists
trade unionists
Freemasons
Strasserists

Red inverted triangle badges were worn by political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps. The red triangle was only used for Jewish prisoners in unusual circumstances, such as when the Nazi authorities were unaware that the prisoner was Jewish.

German communists were among the first to be imprisoned in concentration camps. Their ties to the USSR concerned Hitler, and the Nazi Party was intractably opposed to communism. Rumours of communist violence were spread by the Nazis to justify the Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler his first dictatorial powers. Hermann Göring testified at Nuremberg that Nazi willingness to repress German communists prompted Hindenburg and the old elite to cooperate with them. Hitler and the Nazis also despised German leftists because of their resistance to Nazi racism. Hitler referred to Marxism and "Bolshevism" as means for "the international Jew" to undermine "racial purity", stir up class tension and mobilise trade unions against the government and business. When the Nazis occupied a territory, communists, socialists and anarchists were usually among the first to be repressed. This repression included summary executions, such as Hitler's Commissar Order, in which he demanded the summary execution of all Soviet troops who were political commissars and offered resistance or were captured in battle.[verification needed]

Many red triangle wearers were interned at Dachau concentration camp. The triangle and star system was used at the Dachau concentration camp from 1938 to 1942.

According to the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland, 95% of prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp were accused of political crimes.[additional citation(s) needed]

Many later political detainees were German and foreign civilian activists from across the political spectrum who opposed the Nazi regime; captured resistance fighters (many of whom were executed during — or immediately after — their interrogation, particularly in occupied Poland and France); and, sometimes, the families of political prisoners. German political prisoners were a substantial proportion of the first inmates at Dachau concentration camp. The political People's Court was notorious for the number of its death sentences.

After WWII

Floral tribute at the red triangle, 8 May 2022, Fort Breendonk

Since the end of World War II, the red triangle has been used as an anti-fascist symbol. The pink triangle and red triangle were both reclaimed after the war as symbols of pride and remembrance.

Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists

The Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (German: Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten, VVN-BdA) is a German political confederation founded in 1947 and based in Berlin. The VVN-BdA, formerly the VVN, emerged from victims' associations in Germany founded by political opponents to Nazism after World War II and the end of Nazi rule in Germany.[verification needed]

During and after the end of World War II, former resistance fighters founded "anti-fascist committees", known as "Antifas". These committees involved working class militants, especially but not only communists, and were banned immediately by the military administrations of the British and American occupation zones for being politically far left. By 26 June 1945, an "association of political prisoners and persecutees of the Nazi system" had been founded in Stuttgart. In the following weeks and months, regional groups of ex-political prisoners and other persecuted individuals formed, with the permission of the allied forces, in each of the four occupation zones.

The VVN-BdA are critical of far-right politicians in Germany and abroad. In 2025, the group claimed that "the weakening of universities has long been a declared goal of the US right".

Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters

Use in East Germany (Deutsche Demokratische Republik)

From 1975 onwards, the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, also known as East Germany) released a medal for the "Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters" (KdAW, German: Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer) of the GDR that included a red triangle. The Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters was formed in 1953. It functioned as the East German counterpart of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes). The KdAW enjoyed a close relationship with the Socialist Unity Party, although it was not a member of the National Front.[verification needed] The organisation played an important role in the commemoration of German resistance to Nazism and the Holocaust in East Germany. East Germany used such commemorative functions to emphasise its anti-fascist orientation. Membership in the KdAW made one eligible to receive the Medal for Fighters Against Fascism. The KdAW also contained a number of working groups, which brought together people with similar backgrounds. The most prominent of these were groups for survivors of various concentration camps and prisons; for example, a group existed for former prisoners of Brandenburg-Görden Prison. Another working group was formed for veterans of the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War.

The red triangle on memorials

In addition to the Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (VVN-BdA) memorials above, the red triangle also appears on numerous other war memorials in Europe. War memorials featuring the red triangle symbol exist in Germany and in areas of Europe that were occupied by Germany during World War Two.

Service medals

Service medals awarded to prisoners of war and other camp inmates after WWII feature the triangle that was used on prisoners' uniforms. The Auschwitz Cross, a Polish medal for camp victims, and the Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945, a Belgian medal, both show a red triangle with a nationality indicator, and the ribbons replicate the striped fabric of some camp uniforms.

The Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945 (French: Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945, Dutch: Politieke Gevangenkruis 1940–1945) was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 13 November 1947 and awarded to Belgian citizens arrested and interned by Germany as political prisoners during World War II. The award's statute included provisions for posthumous award should the intended recipient not survive detention, and for the right of the widow, mother or father of the deceased to wear the cross.

The Auschwitz Cross (Polish: Krzyż Oświęcimski), instituted on 14 March 1985, was a Polish decoration awarded to survivors of Nazi German concentration camps, including Auschwitz. Auschwitz is the German name for the Polish town Oświęcim, where a complex of concentration camps was built by Nazi Germany during the German occupation of Europe.[additional citation(s) needed] The cross was generally awarded to Poles, but it could be awarded to foreigners in special cases. It could be awarded posthumously. It ceased to be awarded regularly in 1999, although Greta Ferušić was awarded it in February 2004. Some recipients of the medal were Jewish, including Szymon Kluger (Shimson Kleuger).

Belgium

Acronym of the National Confederation of Political Prisoners and Rights Holders (C.N.P.P.A.) at the entrance to the F.N.A.P.G. cemetery in the commune of Sainte-Ode

The Belgian organisations Territoires de la Mémoire [fr; nl] and Triangle Rouge [nl; fr] (Red Triangle) promote the use of the red triangle as a symbol of anti-fascism and anti-racism.

Recent anti-fascist and left-wing usage

After the war, the red triangle and pink triangle symbols were reclaimed by those who opposed the Nazis' oppression of the targeted groups. The red triangle became a symbol of resistance against the German occupation of Europe, and the pink triangle used to mark gay prisoners became a symbol of LGBTQ pride. Like the pink triangle, the red was used in some contexts broader than memorializing the victims of Nazi Germany. Some of the broader usage referenced the El Lissitsky poster.

Various anti-fascist and left-wing groups in Europe have used red triangles in reference to the reclaimed political prisoners' symbol or the Soviet red wedge. In the United Kingdom in the 1980s, Anti-Fascist Action sometimes used the symbol. They produced a badge that showed a red triangle symbol smashing a black swastika. The Red Wedge were a left-wing pop group in the UK who took their name from the Soviet poster.

Symbols at protests

Red triangle and red wedge symbols often feature at protests against far-right political movements, particularly in Germany.

The German protest group NIKA was started in response to the rise of Germany's far-right party, the AfD (German: Alternative für Deutschland, lit. 'Alternative for Germany').

Protest against Alternative for Germany (AfD), in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony in 2021.
The same protest banner saying "crash the party" was also used by NIKA in 2017.

Political discourse

Political discussions often include comparisons to Nazi Germany or fascism more broadly. These comparisons are particularly controversial when applied to Israel. The red triangle is rising in popularity as a symbol of Palestinian resistance.

Red triangle lapel pins in European politics

Red triangle lapel pins are widely distributed in Western European countries. Red triangle pins are worn by socialist, communist, and other left-wing or far-left politicians in Belgium, Spain, and France.

Left-wing French presidential candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon wore a red triangle lapel pin during his campaign. He aimed to differentiate himself from far-right National Front candidate Marine Le Pen.

Jean-Luc Mélenchon explained the meaning of the symbol, "I have been compared to the National Front. I was outraged. I said to myself, what could I wear? And someone, a Belgian, a comrade, said to me, 'Listen, I'll give you mine, it's the insignia of the communist deportees in the Nazi concentration camps'. And so I said: 'now I'm putting it on, I'm not taking it off' ... We forget this moment in history. But the first to be deported and massacred were the communists..."[verification needed]

French politician Ugo Bernalicis, from the Left Party (previously from the Socialist Party), represents the department of Nord in the French National Assembly. Bernalicis was born into a family close to the communist movement, with a militant father, an elected grandfather and a great-grandfather who was deported to the Dachau concentration camp because of his political convictions.

In 2020, red lapel pins were worn by Spanish politicians Pablo Iglesias (Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain) and Alberto Garzón (Ministry of Consumer Affairs, from the United Left party) when they were sworn in by the King of Spain. Alberto Garzón has been wearing the symbol since 2016.

Modern persecution of leftists and criticism of the far-right

In 2020, Donald Trump's presidential re-election campaign attracted controversy by using the symbol in social media adversisements attacking his political opponents, whom he described as "Antifa". Facebook banned the ad on the basis of the historical use by the Nazi Party in their persecution of their political opponents. A spokesperson for the campaign claimed that the red triangle was not a hate symbol on the basis that it was not in the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) database of hate symbols. ADL's CEO, Jonathan Greenblatt, pointed out that the database only included symbols used in the United States, not historical or foreign symbols. Gigafact published a fact check with the question "Does Antifa commonly use an inverted red triangle symbol once used by Nazis?" Their answer was no, but they did state that the red triangle has been used by some European anti-fascist groups.

2020 Trump campaign terrorism accusations against Antifa

In June 2020, Donald Trump's election campaign included an advertisement on social media saying that he would make "Antifa" a "designated terrorist" group. The advertisement showed the red triangle as an Antifa symbol.

In the same month, the campaign posted an advertisement on Facebook stating that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem" and identifying the groups as "ANTIFA", accompanied by a graphic of a downward-pointing red triangle. The ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners. Observers also noted the number of ads, 88, which is a number associated with neo-Nazis and white supremacists.

Both progressive and conservative Jewish groups expressed public disapproval for Trump's use of the symbol. "Bend the Arc: Jewish Action", a progressive Jewish site, stated the campaign was using the symbol "to smear millions of protestors".

Facebook removed the campaign ads with the graphic, saying that its use in this context violated the site's policy against "organized hate". The Trump campaign's communications director wrote, "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." Historian Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, disputed this, saying that the symbol is not associated with Antifa in the United States.

Logos of political and activist groups

OCI [zh] (ОКИ)
VVN-BdA (see above)

 

The red triangle and red wedge in arts and media

Left-wing news and non-fiction

Music

Visual arts

  • The Russian artist Sergei Bugaev produced an "Anti-Lissitzky" series at the end of the Cold War, between 1991 and 1995, which included several derivative works based on Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge.
  • Kunstverein Roter Keil [de] (Red Wedge art and culture association) say their name is a coincidence.

Fiction

  • A variant of the image by El Lissitzky is the logo for the "Peacekeepers" on the sci-fi TV show Farscape.

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (VVN-BdA) protest banner at a protest against Alternative for Germany in Frankfurt in 2025. Translation: "Ban the AfD now! Ban Nazi parties, before it's too late".
  2. ↑ Image from a protest in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony in 2021. The banner says "crash the party" (in English) with Nationalismus ist keine Alternative (NIKA, English: Nationalism is not an alternative) underneath, and had been used at earlier protests as well.
  3. ↑ 'Three 8' referred to 8 hours of work, 8 hours of leisure, and 8 hours of sleep.
  4. ↑ Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Workers' Soap Factory at Wikimedia Commons
  5. ↑ Note: Auschwitz is the German name for Oświęcim.
  6. ↑ saying German: DIE OPFER DER IMPERIALISTISCHEN WILLKÜR MAHNEN DIE LEBENDEN KÄMPFT FÜR DEN FRIEDEN, lit. 'THE VICTIMS OF IMPERIALIST ARBITRARY WARNING THE LIVING FIGHTS FOR PEACE'
  7. ↑ French: Sigle de la Confédération nationale des prisonniers politiques et ayant droits (C.N.P.P.A.) à l'entrée du cimetière de la F.N.A.P.G. dans la commune de Sainte-Ode
  8. ↑ Note: as of 2023-06-08 their page-long French language definition of Anti-Semitism made no mention of either Israel or Zionism, see also: IHRA definition of antisemitism.
  9. ↑ Protest against the party conference of the Berlin regional association of the AfD in 2018. The banner says: German: STOPPT DIE BERLINER AFD, lit. 'STOP THE BERLIN AFD'. See also: Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Protest against an AfD meeting in the Zitadelle Spandau on 04-09-2018 at Wikimedia Commons
  10. ↑ Nord, French National Assembly
  11. ↑ Spain's Minister of Consumer Affairs
  12. ↑ Note: as of 8 June 2023 their page-long French language definition of antisemitism made no mention of either Israel or Zionism, see also: IHRA definition of antisemitism.
  13. ↑ (Организация Коммунистов Интернационалистов)

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 The gallery of this story includes an image of the full banner at a protest in 2019: Nasr, Joseph (1 December 2019). "German far-right AfD party elects new leader backed by radical wing". reuters.com. photo credit: Fabian Bimmer. Reuters. [2/6] Demonstrators hold a banner during an anti-AfD protest ahead of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party meeting in Braunschweig, Germany, 30 November 2019
  2. ↑ "Tafel mit farbigen Kennzeichen (Winkeln) für Häftlinge in Konzentrationslagern (ca. 1938–1944)". German History in Documents and Images. 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Red triangle symbol: Germany debating a ban – DW – 08/04/2024". dw.com. Deutsche Welle. 4 August 2024. From the mid-1930s, political prisoners were forced to wear cloth badges with the triangle in Nazi concentration camps. It was part of an extensive dehumanizing classification system. 'At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors', Jens-Christian Wagner, the director of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation, told DW. Later, he explained, most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries.
  4. 1 2 "Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps". Holocaust Encyclopedia. ushmm.org. Jewish prisoners were identified by a yellow star. If they were imprisoned for another reason, a triangle of the appropriate colour was added to their badge. Therefore, if a Jewish prisoner was also considered a political opponent, a red triangle was sewn over the yellow triangle. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles, political prisoners with red, "asocials" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or – in the case of Roma in some camps – brown triangles. Gay men and men accused of homosexuality were identified with pink triangles. And Jehovah's Witnesses were identified with purple ones … The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.
  5. 1 2 "Identification Badges in the Holocaust" (PDF). hcofpgh.org. Holocaust Center of Pittsburgh. Political prisoners: social democrats, socialists, trade unionists, communists and anarchists
  6. 1 2 "Identification Badge of a Political Prisoner". museeholocauste.ca. Montreal, Canada: Musée de l'Holocauste Montréal [Montreal Holocaust Museum].
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Silver, Steve (16 August 2024). "Berlin and the red triangle". Searchlight. It wasn't only in Germany that the red triangle was an anti-fascist symbol. It was also an anti-fascist symbol in Britain. Anti-Fascist Action used the symbol in the 1980s with the red triangle piercing a swastika (right).
  8. 1 2 3 Allyn, Bobby (18 June 2020). "Facebook Removes Trump Ads With Symbol Used By Nazis. Campaign Calls It An 'Emoji'". NPR. Trump campaign spokesman Tim Murtaugh said that some products are sold online that use the inverted red triangle in antifa imagery … The (Trump) campaign also said that the symbol is not in the Anti-Defamation League Hate Symbols Database … Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, pointed out that the database is not a collection of historical Nazi imagery. "It's a database of symbols commonly used by modern extremist groups and white supremacists in the United States", he said.
  9. ↑ Lefèvre, Jonathan (31 July 2019). "Rode Driehoek: de arbeidersstrijd en het antifascistisch symbool" [Red Triangle: the workers' struggle and the anti-fascist symbol]. Solidair (in Belgian Dutch). Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. De voorbije weken haalden heel wat mensen een rode driehoek boven om hun afkeer voor extreemrechts te tonen. De rode driehoek is het symbool van het antifascisme sinds de nazi's hun politieke gevangenen in de kampen dwongen dit te dragen. Maar het symbool dateert van veel vroeger … Op 1 Mei van 1890 dragen linkse militanten een rode driehoek. De Gazette de Liège van 25 april 1890 (de krant van katholiek reactionair rechts): "1 Mei. Tienduizend affiches zullen worden uitgehangen in Parijs. Ze worden gedrukt op rood papier. Bovenaan staat: Feest van de Arbeid. Een delegatie zal de petitie van de syndicale kamers en van de socialistische fracties van Frankrijk op die 1 mei bij de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers indienen. De delegatie vertrekt op de Place de la Concorde om 2 u in de namiddag. Het insigne dat de manifestanten zullen dragen is een lederen rode driehoek, waarbinnen deze inscriptie staat: '1 Mei, 8 uren arbeid'.1 De eerste hoek staat voor 8 uur werken, de tweede voor 8 uur ontspanning en de derde voor 8 uur rust. [In recent weeks, many people have pulled out a red triangle to show their dislike for the extreme right. The red triangle has been the symbol of anti-fascism since the Nazis forced their political prisoners in the camps to wear it. But the symbol dates back to much earlier ... On May 1 of 1890, left-wing militants wear a red triangle. The Gazette de Liège of April 25, 1890 (the newspaper of the Catholic reactionary right): "May 1. Ten thousand posters will be hung in Paris. They are printed on red paper. At the top it says: Labor Day. A delegation will submit the petition of the trade union chambers and the socialist groups of France to the Chamber of Deputies on May 1. The delegation leaves the Place de la Concorde at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. The insignia that the demonstrators will wear is a leather red triangle, within which is this inscription: '1 May, 8 hours of work'. 1 The first corner represents 8 hours of work, the second 8 hours of relaxation, and the third 8 hours of rest.]
  10. ↑ "May Day: origins and traditions". Accent Francais. The workers marched to demand the eight-hour day. They wore a red triangle in their buttonholes. Its three sides symbolise the division of time between work, leisure and sleep.
  11. ↑ "Waarom een rode driehoek?". Het Groot Verzet (in Netherlands Dutch). 4 April 2023. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  12. 1 2 3 Jonathan Lefèvre (29 July 2019). "Triangle rouge: les origines ouvrières d'un symbole antifasciste". solidaire.org. Retrieved 26 January 2025. – cited in Triangle rouge [fr] on French Wikipedia: Jonathan Lefèvre (29 July 2019). "Triangle rouge: les origines ouvrières d'un symbole antifasciste". solidaire.org. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  13. ↑ Michel Rodriguez (1990). Le 1er mai. fr: Éditions Gallimard en: Gallimard. p. 158. ISBN 978-2-07-071860-3. D'autres signes relèvent de la symbolique du rouge, dès la première célébration. A Paris, de petits triangles en cuir rouge – allusion aux trois huit – sont fabriqués en grande quantité pour que le manifestant puisse se distinguer de l'homme de la rue. [Other signs reflect the symbolism of red, from the very first celebration. In Paris, small red leather triangles – an allusion to the three eights – are produced in large quantities so that the demonstrator can distinguish himself from the man in the street.] – cited in Triangle rouge [fr] on French Wikipedia: Michel Rodriguez (1990). Le 1er mai. Gallimard. p. 158 « D’autres signes relèvent de la symbolique du rouge, dès la première célébration. A Paris, de petits triangles en cuir rouge – allusion aux trois huit – sont fabriqués en grande quantité pour que le manifestant puisse se distinguer de l’homme de la rue. ». ISBN 978-2-07-071860-3.
  14. ↑ "1er Mai". La gazette de Liège. 1890. fr: Dix mille affiches vont être placardées à Paris. Elles seront imprimées sur papier rouge. Elles portent en tête: Fête du travail. La pétition des chambres syndicales et des groupes socialistes de France sera portée, le 1er mai, à la chambre des députés par une délégation. La délégation partira de la place de la Concorde à 2 heures de l'après-midi. L'insigne adopté par les manifestants est un petit triangle en cuir rouge dans lequel se trouve cette inscription: (citation: 1er mai, 8 heures de travail). On remarquera l'orthographe particulière du mot: heures. Cette orthographe et les caractères, qui ne sont certainement pas français, laissent facilement voir que la matrice a été fabriquée en Suisse ou en Allemagne. L'insigne se vendra 5 centimes. [Ten thousand posters will be put up in Paris. They will be printed on red paper. They will bear the heading: Labor Day. The petition from the trade union chambers and socialist groups of France will be taken to the Chamber of Deputies on May 1st by a delegation. The delegation will leave from the Place de la Concorde at 2:00 p.m. The badge adopted by the demonstrators is a small red leather triangle containing this inscription: "1er mai, 8 heures de travail". Note the particular spelling of the word: heures. This spelling and the characters, which are certainly not French, make it easy to see that the stamp was made in Switzerland or Germany. The badge will sell for 5 centimes.] – cited in Triangle rouge [fr] on French Wikipedia
  15. ↑ Ginsberg, Mary, ed. (2017). Communist Posters. Reaktion Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-78023-724-4.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Silver, Steve (16 August 2024). "Berlin and the red triangle". Searchlight. It wasn't only in Germany that the red triangle was an anti-fascist symbol. It was also an anti-fascist symbol in Britain. Anti-Fascist Action used the symbol in the 1980s with the red triangle piercing a swastika (right). That particular image harked back to early Soviet propaganda. In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge" poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan "Bej zhidov!" ("Beat the Jews").
  17. ↑ Silver, Steve (16 August 2024). "Berlin and the red triangle". Searchlight. In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge" poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan "Bej zhidov!" ("Beat the Jews").
  18. ↑ Forgács, Éva (1999). "Malevich, Lissitzky, and the culture of the future". The Structurist. 39 (50): 49. Retrieved 30 August 2022. Lissitzky's choice of the words "Beat the Whites!" (Bei bielykh!) — supposedly on the advice of Ilya Ehrenburg — recalled the dreaded pogrom slogan "Beat the Jews!" (Bei zhidov!).
  19. ↑ Birnholz, Alan Curtis (1974). El Lissitzky (PhD thesis). Yale University. p. 113. ProQuest 302668778. I have found no contemporary references to the slogan "Beat the Whites", but it strikingly recalls the traditional shout of the pogroms, "Bei zihidov," or "Beat the Jews"— though "beat" is too weak, and "Jews" too polite for an accurate translation of this phrase.
  20. ↑ Скобелев Андрей Владиславович (Skobelev, Andrey Vladislavovich) (2012). "Много неясного в странной стране…" III. Материалы к комментированию избранных произведений В. С. Высоцкого. Литературоведение ["There is much that is unclear in a strange country..." III. Materials for commenting on selected works by V. S. Vysotsky. Literary criticism] (PDF). Воронеж: Эхо. p. 38.
  21. ↑ Размолодин, М. Л. (2013). ред. Иерусалимский, Юрий Юрьевич (ed.). Русский вопрос в идеологии черной сотни: монография [The Russian Question in the Ideology of the Black Hundreds: Monograph] (2-е издание, доп. и перераб ed.). Ярославль: Нюанс. p. 103.
  22. ↑ Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution [ru] — Klier, John D. (2005). "Black Hundreds". In Richard S. Levy (ed.). Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. Contemporary world issues. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.
  23. ↑ Jones, Seth G. (4 June 2020). "Who Are Antifa, and Are They a Threat?". www.csis.org. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). One of the most common symbols used by Antifa combines the red flag of the 1917 Russian Revolution and the black flag of 19th century anarchists.
  24. ↑ "The Mandem Need You: Can Grime4Corbyn succeed where Red Wedge failed?". Crack Magazine. The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation.
  25. ↑ Tom Watson (6 June 2017). "06.06.17 (Words by: Tom Watson) "I'm a socialist, which means my glass is half full. I'm encouraged by the young people being mobilised." – Billy Bragg "The mandem need you." – Novelist". crackmagazine.net. The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation.
  26. ↑ ""Клином красным бей белых", "Не болтай" и другие образы революции". BBC News Русская служба.
  27. ↑ ""Не уйти из-под красного вала!" Революционный угар плакатов Гражданской войны". BBC News Русская служба.
  28. 1 2 Originally in German: Als die Nazis die Kommunisten holten, lit. 'When the Nazis came for the communists, I kept quiet; I wasn't a communist', "Martin Niemöllers Gedicht" (in German). Berlin-Dahlem: Martin-Niemöller-Haus. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Publisher: Martin-Niemöller-Haus Berlin-Dahlem [de]
  29. ↑ Martin Niemöller. "First They Came – by Pastor Martin Niemöller". Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Qué significa en realidad el triángulo rojo de Iglesias y Garzón". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 16 January 2020. Aunque en origen se asignó ese color exclusivamente a los comunistas, su uso se extendió a cualquier opositor político al régimen de Hitler, entre los que figuraban socialdemócratas, liberales, miembros de la Resistencia en general y strasseristas (corriente del Partido Nazi que no comulgaba con la política de Hitler) junto a anarquistas, sindicalistas, masones... Después de 1939, y con determinadas variaciones en cada campo, se comenzó a clasificar a los prisioneros en categorías de acuerdo con un sistema más amplio de marcas. [Although the color was originally assigned exclusively to communists, its use spread to any political opponent of Hitler's regime, including social democrats, liberals, members of the Resistance in general and Strasserists (a current within the Nazi Party that did not agree with Hitler's policies) along with anarchists, trade unionists, Freemasons... After 1939, and with certain variations in each camp, prisoners began to be classified into categories according to a broader system of markings.]
  31. 1 2 "Red triangle symbol: Germany debating a ban – DW – 08/04/2024". dw.com. Deutsche Welle. 4 August 2024. From the mid-1930s, political prisoners were forced to wear cloth badges with the triangle in Nazi concentration camps. It was part of an extensive dehumanizing classification system. 'At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors,' Jens-Christian Wagner, the director of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation, told DW. Later, he explained, most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries.
  32. ↑ "Testimonies From Auschwitz Reveal a Network of Women Who Saved Lives and Prepared for Rebellion". Haaretz. 15 March 2025. Though this group consisted only of Jewish girls, there was one girl who wore a red triangle on her number, identifying her as a Pole. She was Jewish, but had succeeded in maintaining her false identity as a non-Jew. This girl was either directly involved with the Polish Underground or was close enough to them to have gained their confidence. She used to supply us with current political news… She told us that the Polish Home Army [the largest Polish underground movement] was organizing a revolt in Warsaw…
  33. ↑ "Ein Konzentrationslager für politische Gefangene In der Nähe von Dachau". Münchner Neueste Nachrichten ("The Munich Latest News") (in German). The Holocaust History Project. 21 March 1933. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. The Munich Chief of Police, Himmler, has issued the following press announcement: On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000 persons. 'All Communists and—where necessary—Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who endanger state security are to be concentrated here, as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening these prisons, and on the other hand these people cannot be released because attempts have shown that they persist in their efforts to agitate and organise as soon as they are released.'
  34. ↑ "Holocaust Timeline: Camps". The History Place. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  35. ↑ "Commissar Order". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 27 September 2015. The Commissar Order read: "The originators of barbaric, Asiatic methods of warfare are the political commissars... Therefore, when captured either in battle or offering resistance, they are to be shot on principle."
  36. ↑ "Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Among the first victims of persecution in Nazi Germany were political opponents—primarily Communists, Social Democrats, and trade unionists. … From 1938, Jews in the camps were identified by a yellow star sewn onto their prison uniforms, a perversion of the Jewish Star of David symbol. After 1939 and with some variation from camp to camp, the categories of prisoners were easily identified by a marking system combining a colored inverted triangle with lettering. The badges sewn onto prisoner uniforms enabled SS guards to identify the alleged grounds for incarceration. … A chart of prisoner markings used in German concentration camps. Dachau, Germany, ca. 1938–1942 … Beginning in 1937–1938, the SS created a system of marking prisoners in concentration camps. Sewn onto uniforms, the color-coded badges identified the reason for an individual's incarceration, with some variation among camps. The Nazis used this chart illustrating prisoner markings in the Dachau concentration camp.
  37. ↑ Shannon, Joel (18 June 2020). "Nazis used red triangles to mark political prisoners. That symbol is why Facebook banned a Donald Trump reelection campaign ad". USA Today. updated 19 June 2020). Political prisoners were forced to wear red triangles. And those red triangles were common in the camps. The Auschwitz Memorial in Oświęcim, Poland, tweeted Thursday that 95% of prisoners at Auschwitz were accused of political crimes in August 1944. A letter could also be included inside the triangle to mark a person's nationality, the museum said.
  38. ↑ Frei, Norbert (1993) National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933–1945 Translated by Simon B. Steyne. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 147, 212 n.43 ISBN 0-631-18507-0
  39. ↑ Rvans, Richard J. (2005) The Third Reich in Power New York: Penguin Books. pp.69–70. ISBN 0-14-303790-0
  40. ↑ David Kahn Betrayal: our occupation of Germany Beacon Service Co., 1950
  41. ↑ Information Bulletin, Office of Military Government Control Office, Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, U.S. Zone). Issues 1–22, 1945, pp.13–15
  42. ↑ Leonard Krieger "The Inter-Regnum in Germany: March–August 1945" Political Science Quarterly Volume 64 – Number 4 – December 1949, pp. 507–532
  43. ↑ Pritchard, Gareth (2012). Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107013506.
  44. ↑ Michelmann, Jeannette (2002). Aktivisten der ersten Stunde: die Antifa in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone. Köln: Böhlau. p. 369. ISBN 9783412046026.
  45. ↑ Woller, Hans (1986). Gesellschaft und Politik in der amerikanischen Besatzungszone: die Region Ansbach und Fürth (in German). München: Oldenbourg. p. 89. ISBN 9783486594751.
  46. ↑ Oppenheimer, Max (1972). Vom Häftlingskomitee zum Bund der Antifaschisten: der Weg der VVN. Bibliothek des Widerstandes (in German). Frankfurt: Röderberg-Verlag. p. 9. OCLC 971411934.
  47. ↑ "Trumps Angriff auf Unis – Magazin der VVN-BdA".
  48. ↑ 27-30 May 1950 German Youth Meeting
  49. ↑ "Medaille des Komitee der antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer". www.ddr-museum.de. DDR Museum Berlin. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
  50. ↑ Ulrich, Horst, ed. (1985). DDR Handbuch [DDR Handbook] (in German). Vol. 1. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik. ISBN 9783804686427.
  51. ↑ Bouma, Amieke (30 July 2019). German Post-Socialist Memory Culture: Epistemic Nostalgia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.1515/9789048544677. ISBN 9789048544677.
  52. ↑ "Statut der "Medaille für Kämpfer gegen den Faschismus 1933–1945" [Statute of the “Medal for Fighters against Fascism 1933–1945”]. Gesetzblatt der DDR [Law Gazette of the German Democratic Republic] (in German). 1: 198. 22 February 1958.
  53. ↑ "Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer". runde-ecke-leipzig.de. Museum in der "Runden Ecke" [Museum in the 'Round Corner', Leipzig]. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  54. 1 2 [full citation needed] Royal Decree of the Regent of 13 November 1947 creating the Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945 (Report). Belgian Defence Ministry. 13 November 1947.
  55. ↑ "Auschwitz Cross". POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
  56. ↑ Gitelman, Zvi. "American Jewish Yearbook 2004" (PDF). AJC. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
  57. ↑ "Szymon Kluger's Auschwitz Cross". Archived from the original on 14 July 2025. Instituted by Poland in 1985, the Auschwitz Cross is a decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps. Szymon Kluger (1925–2000), the last Jewish resident of Oświęcim, was presented with the Auschwitz Cross on 27 September 1989. Szymon Kluger was one of the Jewish residents of Oświęcim who survived the Holocaust and eventually returned to their hometown
  58. 1 2 "L'Extême droite c'est toujours 𝐍𝐎𝐍 en fait !". www.youtube.com/@territoiresdelamemoire4559. Territoires de la Mémoire. 8 May 2024 – via YouTube. Nous restons fermement décidés à défendre, promouvoir et construire un monde solidaire, inconditionnellement antiraciste, antisexiste, et dénonçant toutes les formes de discriminations. 🔻 NON à la haine 🔻 NON à l'extrême droite 🔻 🔻𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐋𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐆𝐄 🔻 🔻www.trianglerouge.be🔻 [We remain firmly committed to defending, promoting and building a world of solidarity, unconditionally anti-racist, anti-sexist, and denouncing all forms of discrimination. 🔻 NO to hatred 🔻 NO to the far right 🔻 🔻LET'S WEAR THE RED 🔻 TRIANGLE 🔻🔻 www.trianglerouge.be]
  59. 1 2 3 "Glossaire – Antisémitisme" [Glossary – Anti-Semitism]. trianglerouge.be. Triangle Rouge. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. [Because the time, the nineteenth century, was at the explanation of the world by the scientific theory of races, the age-old hatred and rejection of Jews in Europe changed register, passing from religion to science: anti-Judaism (religious hatred) became anti-Semitism (racial hatred). "Between 1789 and 1815, Jews had been emancipated in most Western countries, and now aspired to become citizens like others. (...) Now, in the age of science, the theological argument of the curse was no longer appropriate to demand the re-establishment of the ghettos, and so it was that the Jewish "deicide" caste was transmuted, in the aftermath of its emancipation, into the "inferior" Semitic race. (...) The ineradicable feelings and resentments of the Christian West were now expressed in a new vocabulary. (Leon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth. Essai sur les sources du racisme et des nationalismes, Calmann-Lévy, 1971, p. 195). up … And if the "racial" dimension of contemporary anti-Semitism can be considered marginal, the fact remains that xenophobia against Jewish people remains a particular and almost unique case of a xenophobia that has its roots deep in the famous "ineradicable feelings and resentments of the Christian West".]
  60. 1 2 "Does Antifa commonly use an inverted red triangle symbol once used by Nazis? NO". gigafact.org. Gigafact. The most common symbol of Antifa, a loose collection of far-left activist groups, is a black and red double flag. Some European anti-fascist groups have used a red triangle in the past, but they appear to have done so to refer to a symbol of violence used originally against leftist political activists. Mark Bray, in The Antifascist Handbook, cites its use by a British anti-fascist group in the 1980s.
  61. 1 2 Street, John (September 1988). "Red Wedge: another strange story of pop's politics". Critical Quarterly. 30 (3): 79–91. doi:10.1111/J.1467-8705.1988.TB00323.X.
  62. ↑ Example: "03.12.2022 – Demonstration "Nicht mit uns – Wir frieren nicht für eure Profite" in Saarbrücken". 3 December 2022. Archived from the original on 18 September 2025 – via Flickr.
  63. 1 2 3 "Jean-Luc Mélenchon: que symbolise le triangle rouge sur sa veste?" [Jean-Luc Mélenchon: what does the red triangle on his jacket symbolize?]. L'Obs (in French). 23 February 2017. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Il était porté dans les camps nazis par les déportés politiques, comme l'étoile jaune pour les déportés juifs et le triangle rose pour les homosexuels. "C'est l'insigne des déportés communistes", a confirmé Jean-Luc Mélenchon dans une vidéo diffusée en 2011… "Ce sont des Belges qui me l'ont filé. On m'a comparé au Front national. J'ai été outré. Je me suis dit, qu'est-ce que je pourrais mettre ? Et quelqu'un, un Belge, un camarade, m'a dit 'écoute, je te donne le mien, c'est l'insigne des déportés communistes dans les camps de concentration nazis'. Et donc j'ai dit: 'maintenant, je le mets, je ne l'enlève plus' … On oublie ce moment d'histoire. Mais les premiers qui ont été déportés et massacrés, ce sont les communistes, les sociaux-démocrates et les homosexuels. Et après, ils ont ramassé les Tsiganes et les Juifs en paquets." Le pin's en forme de triangle rouge est répandu en Belgique, où il est resté un symbole de la résistance à l'extrême droite. [This triangle is loaded with symbols and Jean-Luc Mélenchon has been wearing it for several years now. It was worn in the Nazi camps by political deportees, like the yellow star for Jewish deportees and the pink triangle for homosexuals. "This is the insignia of communist deportees" Jean-Luc Mélenchon confirmed in a video released in 2011… "It was Belgians who gave it to me. I have been compared to the National Front. I was outraged. I said to myself, what could I wear? And someone, a Belgian, a comrade, said to me, 'Listen, I'll give you mine, it's the insignia of the communist deportees in the Nazi concentration camps'. And so I said: 'now I'm putting it on, I'm not taking it off' … We forget this moment in history. But the first to be deported and massacred were the communists, the social democrats, and the homosexuals. And then they picked up the Gypsies and Jews in bundles." The red triangle pin is widespread in Belgium, where it has remained a symbol of resistance to the far-right.]
  64. ↑ "Rode Driehoek: de arbeidersstrijd en het antifascistisch symbool", nl:Solidair (blad) Solidair (Solidarity), 31 juli 2019, online geraadpleegd op 9 mei 2022.
  65. ↑ "Qué significa el triángulo rojo invertido con el que han prometido su cargo Iglesias y Garzón" (in Spanish). NIUS, 13 januari 2020, online geraadpleegd op 9 mei 2022.
  66. ↑ "M. Ugo Bernalicis". National Assembly (in French). Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  67. ↑ P. Gril and Julien Chehida (20 September 2017). "Ugo, 26 ans, député La France insoumise: "J'ai envie de casser les codes à l'Assemblée"" (in French). rmc.bfmtv.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  68. ↑ "Qué significa el triángulo rojo invertido con el que han prometido su cargo Iglesias y Garzón" [What does the inverted red triangle with which Iglesias and Garzón swore their oath of office mean?]. Nius Diario www.niusdiario.es (in Spanish). Madrid: Telecinco. 13 January 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. El nuevo vicepresidente segundo del Gobierno, Pablo Iglesias, y el nuevo ministro de Consumo, Alberto Garzón, han tomado posesión de sus cargos este lunes portando en la solapa de sus chaquetas un pin del triángulo rojo invertido, que simboliza la lucha antifascista... El color rojo fue elegido inicialmente por los nazis para identificar a los comunistas, pero luego fue usado también para demócratas, liberales, masones, anarquistas y posteriormente a antifascistas y otros opositores políticos. Con el fin de la guerra, el triángulo rojo invertido se convirtió en un símbolo de antifascismo y de memoria de los prisioneros políticos que murieron en los campos de concentración. Este triángulo rojo es ahora utilizado por la izquierda radical como un símbolo antifascista. [The new second vice president of the Government, Pablo Iglesias, and the new Minister of Consumer Affairs, Alberto Garzón, took office this Monday wearing on their jacket lapels an inverted red triangle pin, which symbolizes the anti-fascist struggle... The color red was initially chosen by the Nazis to identify communists, but it was later also used for democrats, liberals, Freemasons, anarchists, and subsequently for anti-fascists and other political opponents. With the end of the war, the inverted red triangle became a symbol of anti-fascism and a memorial to the political prisoners who died in concentration camps. This red triangle is now used by the radical left as an anti-fascist symbol.]
  69. ↑ Sojo, José Rodríguez (13 January 2020). "¿Qué significa el pin con el que Pablo Iglesias y Alberto Garzón han prometido su cargo?". elconfidencial.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 June 2026.
  70. ↑ "Facebook removes Trump ads with Nazi symbol – DW – 06/18/2020". www.dw.com. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
  71. 1 2 Breland, Ali. "Nazis put this symbol on political opponents' arms. Now Trump is using it". Mother Jones. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  72. ↑ Morrison, Sara (18 June 2020). "Facebook takes down another Trump campaign ad, this time for Nazi imagery". Vox. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  73. ↑ Rodrigo, Chris Mills (18 June 2020). "Facebook takes down Trump ads featuring symbol used by Nazis to mark political prisoners". TheHill. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  74. ↑ @jewishaction (18 June 2020). "tweet" (Tweet) – via Twitter. The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol. Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors
  75. ↑ pic.twitter.com/UzmzDaRBup
  76. ↑ @jewishaction (18 June 2020). "The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol. Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors. Their masks are off. (with screenshots and other images)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  77. ↑ "@jewishaction" on X (formerly Twitter)
  78. ↑ "the account of Bend the Arc: Jewish Action". bendthearc.us.
  79. ↑ Shannon, Joel. "Nazis used red triangles to mark political prisoners. That symbol is why Facebook banned a Donald Trump reelection campaign ad". USA Today. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  80. ↑ Crowley, James (18 June 2020). "The History of The Concentration Camp Badge in a Team Trump Ad For Facebook". Newsweek. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  81. ↑ Feldman, Ari (18 June 2020). "Facebook removes Trump ad that identifies Antifa with red triangle similar to Nazi symbol". The Forward.
  82. ↑ Goforth, Claire (27 January 2021). "Trump campaign accused of using a Nazi symbol in Facebook ad". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  83. ↑ "Facebook removes Trump ads for violating 'organized hate' policy". NBC News. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  84. ↑ Stanley-Becker, Isaac. "Facebook removes Trump ads with symbol once used by Nazis to designate political prisoners". Washington Post. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  85. ↑ Karni, Annie (18 June 2020). "Facebook removes Trump ads displaying symbol used by Nazis". The New York Times.
  86. ↑ "Have Antifa members used an inverted red triangle as a symbol?". Skeptics Stack Exchange.
  87. ↑ "(official website)". antiracistaction.org. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023.
  88. ↑ "Nasce la Rete dei Comunisti" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
  89. ↑ The second image in the gallery of this Reuters story is a banner that says "crash the party" in English and then in German "Nationalismus ist keine Alternative": Nasr, Joseph. "German far-right AfD party elects new leader backed by radical wing, By Joseph Nasr, 1 December 2019 3:26 AM GMT+10, Updated 30 November 2019". photo credit: Fabian Bimmer. Reuters. [2/6] Demonstrators hold a banner during an anti-AfD protest ahead of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party meeting in Braunschweig, Germany, 30 November 2019
  90. ↑ هل تفوق إعلام القسام على الاحتلال خلال عام من الحرب على غزة؟ [Has Qassam's media outperformed the occupation during the year of war on Gaza?]. aljazeera.net. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. وكان من أبرز ما لمع وارتبط اسمه وشكله بعمليات القسام هو "المثلث الأحمر المقلوب" فمنذ عام وكتائب عز الدين القسام الجناح العسكري لحركة حماس تستخدمه في عملياتها. ودائما ما كان يُرفق "المثلث الأحمر المقلوب" لتحديد المركبات والجنود الإسرائيليين الذين يتم إيقاعهم بالكمائن أو استهدافهم من قبل قناصي القسام في مقاطع الفيديو التي توثق المعارك المستمرة في قطاع غزة … لدرجة أن المثلث الأحمر المقلوب أصبح رمزا من رموز النضال الفلسطيني ضد الاحتلال، مما جعل مجلس النواب في العاصمة الألمانية برلين يصنّف رمز المثلث المقلوب من الرموز الممنوع استخدامها في المظاهرات والتجمعات المناصرة للقضية الفلسطينية والمنددة بالحرب الإسرائيلية على غزة. [The "inverted red triangle" has always been attached to identify Israeli vehicles and soldiers ambushed or targeted by Qassam snipers in videos documenting the ongoing battles in the Gaza Strip. To the point that the inverted red triangle has become a symbol of the Palestinian struggle against the occupation, the German parliament in Berlin has classified the inverted triangle as a symbol prohibited from use in demonstrations and gatherings supporting the Palestinian cause and denouncing the Israeli war on Gaza.]
  91. ↑ لارتباطه بحماس.. جدل في ألمانيا حول حظر رمز "المثلث الأحمر". dw.com (in Arabic). DW. 8 August 2024.
  92. ↑ "المثلث الأحمر المقلوب" يعود لواجهة التفاعلات مع عودة عمليات القسام بغزة [The "inverted red triangle" returns to the forefront of discussions with the return of Qassam operations in Gaza.]. www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 22 April 2025.
  93. ↑ "Old logo". Al Arabiya – via YouTube. timestamp: 0:34
  94. ↑ "RLF Voiron – Ni Le Pen ni ses idées!" (in French). Archived from the original on 20 September 2025.
  95. ↑ Schoene, Edouard (16 January 2023). "Voiron. Face à l'extrême droite, comprendre pour agir". fr: Travailleur alpin (in French). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023.
  96. ↑ "AIB – Antifaschistisches Info Blatt". Linksnet (in German). Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  97. ↑ Bernd Hüttner (2011). Handbuch Alternativmedien 2011/2012: Printmedien, Freie Radios, Archive & Verlage in der BRD, Österreich und der Schweiz (in German). AG SPAK Bücher. p. 184. ISBN 978-3-940865-22-9.
  98. ↑ "People's History of Australia (Home page)". www.peopleshistory.com.au. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. People's History of Australia is a podcast and blog looking at Australian history from the perspective of ordinary people fighting together for a better life. While most of the history we get taught focuses on the deeds of the great and powerful, we want to turn this upside down, and amplify those moments when ordinary people across Australia have made history – by coming together, overcoming the barriers and divisions that keep us isolated and atomised, and struggling collectively for justice. (Note: the archived page from 2022-03-04 shows the logo in the top left corner, and the quote is at the bottom of the page.)
  99. ↑ "Sergey Bugaev-Afrika". VLADEY. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  100. ↑ Farscape: the Illustrated Companion. Titan Books. 2000. pp. 27–28. ISBN 1840231785.