1350s

The 1350s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1350, and ended on December 31, 1359.

Events

1350

January–December

January 9 – Giovanni II Valente becomes Doge of Genoa.
May 23 (possible date) – Hook and Cod wars in the County of Holland: A number of nobles and progressive cities supporting William V, Count of Holland, in his power struggle with his mother Margaret I, Countess of Holland, found the Cod League and perhaps sign the Cod Alliance Treaty.
August 29 – Battle of Winchelsea (Les Espagnols sur Mer) off the south coast of England: An English fleet personally commanded by King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet.
September 5 – Hook and Cod wars in the County of Holland: Conservative noblemen found the Hook League and sign the Hook Alliance Treaty.
November 17 – To pay for the expenses of the revived war with the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa has to subscribe a loan at an interest rate of 10%, from an association of creditors known as the Compera imposita per gerra Venetorum.

Date unknown

Hayam Wuruk becomes ruler of the Majapahit Empire.
The Punta Lobos massacre is carried out by members of the powerful Chimu Empire in Peru, leaving a residue of 200 murders.
The Black Death first appears in Scotland and Sweden.
The castle of Rapperswil is largely destroyed by Rudolf Brun, mayor of the city of Zürich.

1351

January–December

January 14 – Edward III of England institutes the Treason Act 1351, defining treason in English law. It remains unrepealed into the 21st century.
February – Enactments by the Parliament of England:
- The Statute of Labourers deals with a labour shortage caused by the Black Death.
- Statute of Provisors prevents the Pope from appointing clergy to English benefices.
March 4 – The Ayutthaya Kingdom is established by King Uthong (Ramathibodi I) in modern-day Thailand. He begins to propagate Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.
March 23 – Firuz Shah Tughlaq succeeds Mohammad Tughlaq as ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. At this time, the Samma dynasty in Sindh (part of modern-day Pakistan) breaks away from the Sultanate.
March 26 – War of the Breton Succession: Combat of the Thirty – Thirty chosen knights each, from the Kingdoms of France and England, fight to determine who will rule the Duchy of Brittany; a Franco-Breton victory is assured by the squire Guillaume de Montauban.
April 1 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Saintes. – The French are defeated by the English.
April 8 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Taillebourg. – The French are defeated by the English.
May 1 – Zürich joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.
November 26 – Emperor Sukō abdicates as 3rd Emperor of the Northern Court of Japan.

Date unknown

The Red Turban Rebellions break out in China, leading to permanent weakening of the Mongolian-run Yuan dynasty.
King Gongmin ascends the throne in Goryeo.
The region of Vantaa in Finland is first mentioned (as Helsinge).

1352

January–December

February 13 – War of the Straits – The Battle of the Bosporus is fought in a stormy sea into the night between the Genoese, Venetian, Aragonese, and Byzantine fleets. The Genoese emerge victorious, as the other fleets withdraw.
June 4 – Glarus joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.
June 27 – Zug joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.
September 25 – Emperor Go-Kōgon becomes 4th Emperor of the Northern Court of Japan.
October – Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 – Battle of Demotika: Fighting as allies of John VI Kantakouzenos, the Ottoman beylik scores its first victory on European soil, against the Serbs.
November 7 – Corpus Christi College is founded as a College of the University of Cambridge in England, by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary.
December 18 – Pope Innocent VI succeeds Pope Clement VI as the 199th pope.
December 26 – The Earldom of Kent of the 5th creation in England becomes extinct.

Date unknown

Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan) is probably granted control of Çimpe Castle on the Gallipoli peninsula by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, the first territory west of the Bosporus held by the Ottoman Empire.

1353

January–December

March 3 – Bern signs an alliance with the Old Swiss Confederacy.
August 27 – War of the Straits and Sardinian–Aragonese war – Battle of Alghero: The allied Aragonese and Venetian fleets crush the Genoese fleet, most of which is captured.

Date unknown

The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta makes the first recorded visit to Timbuktu and Kabara, when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire.
The Decameron is finished by Giovanni Boccaccio.
The Black Death (1331) subsides.
The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is founded by Fa Ngum.

1354

January–December

Early in the year – Ibn Battuta returns from his travels at the command of Abu Inan Faris, sultan of Morocco, who appoints a scribe to write an account of the adventures.
February 12 – The Treaty of Stralsund settles border disputes between the duchies of Mecklenburg and Pomerania.
March 2 – During the night between 1 and 2 March, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses, along with destroying the neighboring villages and towns in the area.
March - Within a month after the devastating earthquake the Ottomans besieged and captured the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the Balkans.
October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed "tribune" of Rome, is killed by an angry mob.
August 16 – War of the Straits: The Venetian-ruled town of Poreč is sacked by the Genoese under Paganino Doria, who carry off the relics of saints Eleutherius and Maurus of Parentium to Genoa, where they were deposited at the church of San Matteo.
November 4 – War of the Straits: The Genoese fleet under Paganino Doria defeats and captures the entire Venetian fleet under Niccolò Pisani at the Battle of Sapienza.
December 10 – The reign of John VI Kantakouzenos as Byzantine Emperor is ended, after John V Palaiologos retakes Constantinople and is restored as sole emperor.

Date unknown

After 24 years of struggling for independence, since the Battle of Posada, Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia becomes a vassal to Hungarian king Louis I.
Sahab-ud-Din becomes Sultan of Kashmir.

1355

January 6 – Charles IV of Bohemia is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy as King of Italy in Milan.
January 7 – King Afonso IV of Portugal sends three men who kill Inês de Castro, mistress of his son Pedro, who revolts and incites a civil war.
February 10 – St Scholastica Day riot in Oxford, England, breaks out, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.
March 16 – Red Turban Rebellions: Han Lin'er, a claimed descendant of Emperor Huizong of Song, is proclaimed emperor of the restored Song dynasty in Bozhou.
April – Philip II, Prince of Taranto, marries Maria of Calabria, daughter of Charles, Duke of Calabria, and Marie of Valois.
April 5 – Charles IV is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.
April 18 – In Venice, the Council of Ten beheads Doge Marin Falier, for conspiring to kill them.
May – Red Turban Rebellions: Guo Zixing dies, leaving his forces to the command of his son-in-law, Zhu Yuanzhang. Guo's successors are later killed in battle while trying to capture Nanjing.

1356

January–December

January 10 – The first 23 articles of the Golden Bull of 1356 are issued at Nuremberg by the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire as a constitution of the Empire.
January 20 – Edward Balliol surrenders his title as King of Scotland, to Edward III of England.
January 26 – Burnt Candlemas: King Edward III of England begins an invastion of the Kingdom of Scotland by land and by sea, seven days before the February 2 celebration of "Candlemas" and his army of 13,000 men marches into the Lothian region, with plans to take the Scottish capital, Edinburgh. The Scots begin a scorched earth policy, evacuating the towns in the path of King Edward's troops and destroying territory to keep the invaders from having access to food. The English troops arrive in Edinburgh in early February and begin burning the city. In the middle of February, a winter gale scatters the English Royal Navy, sinks several ships, and prevents the English from being resupplied..
February 2 – The Hanseatic League, a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe, first meets, convening at Lübeck with representatives from cities in Saxony (led by Lübeck), from Westphalia and the Rhein (led by Dortmund), and from Sweden and Lithuania (led by Visby)
February 25 – To celebrate the conclusion of the meeting of the representatives of the Hanseatic League, the Matthiae-Mahl feast is celebrated the first time, and will continue to be observed more than 650 years later as the world's oldest ceremonial meal.
March 10 – English troops in France capture the city of Bétaille (now .
March 12 – Rudolf II of Saxe-Wittenberg becomes the new Elector of Saxony, one of the member nations of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father, the Elector Rudolf I, who had ruled for 57 years.
March 17 – The Yuan Chinese city of Zhenjiang falls to General Xu Da, an ally of Zhu Yuanzhang in the Red Turban Rebellion.
April 10 – Zhu Yuanzhang, a leader of the Red Turban Rebellion, captures the city of Nanjing from the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China, and renames it Yingtian. From then on, Nanjingbecomes his base of power, and the capital of the Ming dynasty which he will establish in 1368 as the Hongwu Emperor.
April 18– A truce is agreed upon between England and Scotland after King Edward's troops have retreated back across the border to the English town of Carlisle.
June 13 – (13 Jumada al-Akhir 757 AH) Ajlan ibn Rumaythah is temporarily deposed as Emir of the Sharifate of Mecca (now in Saudi Arabia) by his brother Thaqabah ibn Rumaythah. When the Hajj, the pilgrimage of Muslims to the holy city of Mecca, begins in November, Ajilan returns and Thaqabah is forced to flee to Yemen.
June 17 – The city of Lwów is granted Magdeburg rights by Casimir III the Great, King of Poland. The advantages of the rights are not only economic, but also political.
September 19 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Poitiers: The English, commanded by Edward the Black Prince, defeat the French. The greatly outnumbered English forces not only rout the French, but capture the French king John II of France and his youngest son, the future Philip the Bold of Burgundy.
October 17 – Erik XII proclaims himself king of Sweden, in opposition to his father, King Magnus IV. Thus begins a civil war in Sweden between father and son, which will last until Erik's death in 1359.
October 18 (St Luke's Day) – The Basel earthquake affects northern Switzerland, with a maximum MSK intensity of IX–X (Destructive–Devastating), leaving around 1,000 dead. It is the most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe.
November 15 – Simone Boccanegra takes office as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa, an office that had been vacant since the republic had come under the control of the Visconti family of the Lordship of Milan in 1353.
November 17 – In the Holy Roman Empire, the Diet of Metz, the imperial parliament with represenatives from all the member electorates, principalities and duchies of the federation, is opened by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. The session lasts for more than seven weeks session at Metz, at the time the capital of the semi-independent Republic of Metz and now part of France, and lasts. until January 7.

December 25 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, promulgates the Golden Bull and the last eight of 31 articles as a constitution for his empire.

Date unknown

Sweden's first guild privileges (for tailors) are issued in Stockholm.
Ghazan II replaces Anushirwan as ruler of the Ilkhanate in Persia.
The majority of the Great Pyramid of Giza's limestone casing stones are removed by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Hasan, to build fortresses and mosques in the nearby city of Cairo, leaving the first of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World in the step-stone condition in which it remains into modern times.
The Castelvecchio Bridge in Verona is probably completed this year; its main span of 48.7 m (160 ft) is the world's longest arch at this time.

1357

January–March

January 7 – The Diet of Metz, which had been convened in the French city by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V on November 17, is closed after two months.
February 3 – The Estates General in France meets and passes Étienne Marcel's Great Ordinance in an attempt to impose limits on the monarchy, in particular in fiscal and monetary matters.
February 15 – King Edward III summons the English Parliament and directs its members to assemble at Westminster on April 17, 1357.
March 16 – Brancaleone Doria of the Republic of Genoa, who will gain control of most of the island of Sardinia, agrees to become a vassal of King Pedro of Aragon, the nominal King of Sardinia, in order to be recognized as owner of the Doria ancestral lands and castles of northern Sardinia, and the lordships of Castelgenovese, Monteleone, Castel Doria, Nucara, Cabuabbbas, Anglona and Bisarcio.
March 21 – ("first day of the third month of the 17th year of the Zhizheng era", the third month corresponding to March 21 to April 19, 1357) The Ispah rebellion by Persian Shia Muslims in Yuan dynasty China begins. Rebels led by Sayf ad-Din and Amir ad-Din take control of the city.
March 23 – Edward the Black Prince, who has been residing in France with his men at English-controlled Bordeaux and is the eldest son of King Edward III of England, concludes a two-year truce with France in order to be able to return home after the Battle of Poitiers.

April–June

April 6 – King Jean II of France, acting from his imprisonment at Bordeaux, overules the Great Ordinance that had been approved on February 3 by the Estates General.
April 17 – The English Parliament assembles at Westminster for a 29-day session.
April 28 – Erik Magnusson is recognized as king of most of Sweden, in opposition to his father, King Magnus. The action takes place at a meeting of the Swedish nobility at Jönköping, and Erik is granted control of Finland, Scania, the southern half of Halland, and other parts of the Kingdom of Sweden.
May 17 – The English Parliament adjourns and King Edward III gives royal assent to numerous acts of legislation passed, including a confirmation of the Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest, including regulations for the sale and pricing of dogger-fish and for herrings, the Default of Victuallers in London Act, regulations defining the measurement and the contents of a tun (252 wine gallons, now equivalent to 954 liters).
May 24 – Edward the Black Prince returns to London in triumph with his prisoner of war from the Battle of Poitiers, King Jean II of France.
May 28 – King Pedro the Just becomes King of Portugal, after the death of his father, King Afonso the Brave.
June 4 – The War of the Brabantian Succession, a conflict over the successor to the late Jan III of the Duchy of Brabant, comes to an end almost a year after it began on June 15, 1356, when the Peace of Ath is signed between the belligerents after being brokered by Willem III, Count of Hainaut.

July–September

July 9 – Construction formally begins on Charles Bridge in Prague.
July 22 – On the death of Jani Beg, he is succeeded as Khan of the Blue Horde by his son Berdi Beg who orders the death of at least 12 of his close kinsmen to secure his position.
July 26 – (8 Sha'ban 758 AH) A Mamluk assassin attacks Sheikh Al-Omari Al-Nasiri, the chief minister of the Sultan Al-Nasir Hasan of Egypt, and severely injures him with a sword.
August 15 – What is now the Principality of Monaco comes under the control of the Republic of Genoa and the Geonese Doge Simone Boccanegra, upon the death of the Lord Charles of the House of Grimaldi. Boccanegra removes the co-ruler, Antoine Grimaldi, from office.
September 26 – The Scottish Parliament approves the agreement to pay a ransom for the return of King David II.

October–December

October 3 – The Treaty of Berwick ends the Second War of Scottish Independence and King David II of Scotland is released by the English in return for a ransom of 100,000 marks at a rate of 10,000 marks per year for ten years.
November 6 – Meeting at Scone, the Scottish Parliament votes to ratify the Treaty of Berwick and King David II returns home after 11 years.
November 9 – King Carlos II of Navarre, held prisoner in Paris by King Jean II of France after being arrested on April 5, 1356, is rescued from his cell at the Arleux Castle in an operation by 30 men under the guidance of Jean de Picquigny, Viceroy of Languedoc.
November 21 – (26 Dhu'l-Qa'da 758 AH) Sheikh Al-Omari Al-Nasiri dies from his injuries four months after being wounded by an assassin.
December 15 – King Edward III summons the English Parliament and directs its members to assemble at Westminster on February 5.

Date unknown

The Blue Horde unseats Ghazan II as the ruler of the Il-Khanate, and appoints their own governor.
Battle of Bubat: The Sundanese royal family is massacred by the Majapahit Army on the orders of Gajah Mada; the death toll includes Sundanese King Lingga Buana and Princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, who commits suicide.
Rao Kanhadev becomes Rathore ruler of Marwar (part of modern-day India).
Influenza is first identified as a disease.
The first public exhibition of the Shroud of Turin is recorded.
The Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat (Famous Wat Yai) Temple is constructed in Phitsanulok, Thailand.

1358

January–March

January 10 – Abu Inan Faris, Sultan of Morocco of the Marinid dynasty is assassinated in a conspiracy by his vizier, Faris bin Maymum, who has the Sultan strangled to death. Muhammad II ibn Faris becomes the new Sultan briefly before being replaced by Abu Bakr ibn Faris
February 11 – At Kalaburagi (now located in the Karnataka state of India), Mohammed Shah I becomes Bahmani Sultan of Deccan after the death of Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah.
February 18 – The Treaty of Zadar is signed between the Kingdom of Croatia and the Republic of Venice: The Venetians lose influence over their former Dalmatian holdings.
February 23 – Albert of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria, is appointed as the Holy Roman Empire's regent for Holland, and soon given control of Hainaut, and Zeeland, and assigned to suppress rebellions within what is now the Netherlands during the ongoing Hook and Cod wars.
March 16 – King Haakon VI of Norway designates the city of Skien as a city with trading privileges, making it the sixth town with city status in Norway.

April–June

April 6 – A peace conference opens in Milan with participation by nearly all of the Italian kingdoms, republics and city states to discuss a war between a league of cites nadd Milan.
May 8 – The First Treaty of London is signed at Windsor Castle between King Edward III of England and King Jean II of France, who has been held prisoner of war in England since 1356. Under the terms of the treaty, the ransom for King Jean II and other prisoners of war retained as hostages is set at four million écus, to be paid in six annual installments. France also agrees to cede one-fourth of its territory to England, and King Edward III renounces his claims to the throne of France. The amount of 4,000,000 écus represents most of France's income and payment proves to be financially impossible, leading to a renegotiation of the terms after France is unable to make its first payment on November 1.
May 28 – Hundred Years' War: The Jacquerie – A peasant rebellion begins in France, which consumes the Beauvais, and allies with Étienne Marcel's seizure of Paris. Over the three weeks that follow, the angry peasants, angry about the devastation caused in the and around Paris by the Kingdom of Navarre, murder members of the French nobility, destroy castles, and commit numerous atrocities.
June 8 – After two months of negotiations, the treaty of Sant'Ambrogio is signed in Milan with Novara and Alba returned to the Visconti family and Asti and Pavia being kept by the Marquis of Montferrat.
June 10 – The Jacquerie rebellion is brutally suppressed by French troops.
June 17 – Androin de la Roche abandons his two-month siege of the city of Forli.
June 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded in what is now Croatia, after being freed from the Republic of Venice by the Treaty of Zadar.

July–September

July 10 – Battle of Mello: The Jacquerie rebellion is defeated by a coalition of nobles, led by Charles II of Navarre.
July 25 – De la Roche captures Meldola after a 24-day siege.
August 22 – Pietro Badoer of the Republic of Venice is named as the Duke of Crete, Venice's governor over the nominally independent Kingdom of Candia.
September 1 – A Teutonic knight, Bonifacius Rotarius of Asti, becomes the first person known to have climbed to the top of the 11,608 feet (3,538 m) high mountain Rocciamelone, in the Italian Alps, bringing with him a small image of the Virgin Mary as a gesture of gratitude for having survived captivity in the Holy Land during a crusade against the Muslims., and begin an annual tradition of Catholics making a pilgrimage to the summit of Rocciamelone every August 5.
September 21 – Badoer, Duke of Crete, meets with an ambassador sent from the Emirate of Menteshe to discuss trade between the two nations.
September 29 – Przemyslaus I Noszak become the new Duke of Teschen (now in Poland) upon the death of his father, Casimir I of Cieszyn.

October–December

October 12 – Hook and Cod wars: On orders of Albert, Duke of Holland, Dirk Loef of Horne provides 30 archers to aid in Albert's siege of Heusden, a rebellious city in the Netherlands, and the city surrenders in January.
October 13 – Badoer, on behalf of Crete, signs a treaty of peace and trade with the Emirate of Menteshe, located in western Turkey and ruled by the Emir Musa.
November 1 – France defaults on its obligation to pay 600,000 écus as the first installment on the 4,000,000 écus owed to England under the First Treaty of London.
November 24 – Hugh IV, King of Cyprus since 1324, abdicates and his son Peter I becomes the new monarch.
December 4 – Hook and Cod wars: Albert, Duke of Bavaria, begins the siege of Heemskerk Castle after an unsuccessful ambush against Reinoud I van Brederode by rebels. Heemskerk surrenders after almost four months, on March 24, 1359.

Date unknown

Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, leader of the Arab Muzaffarid tribe, expels the Blue Horde from Ilkhanate territory in Persia. The Muzaffarid then release control of the Il-Khanate, after being marched on by the Mongol Jalayirid tribe, ruled by Shaikh Uvais. Shaikh Uvais becomes the new Il-Khan. The Ilkhanate is effectively now disbanded, and replaced by the Jalayirid dynasty of Persia.
Shah Shuja overthrows his father, Mubarazuddin Muhammad, as leader of the Muzaffarid tribe.
Estimation: Nanjing in Yuan China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Yuan China.

1359

January–March

January 9 – The Zayanids under Abu Hammu Musa II recapture the Kingdom of Tlemcen in Algeria.
January 25 – In Holland, Floris I van Borselen, keeper of the seal for the former count of Holland, Willem V, reconciles with the new count, Albert of Bavaria.
January 28 – Shaykh Uways Jalayir, ruler of Iraq, loses control of the city of Tabriz to Akh Juq after the Emir Ali Pilan loses a battle at Nakhchivan (now in the Republic of Azerbaijan)
February 20 – Hook and Cod wars: The siege of Heusden Castle in Holland ends after a siege of almost six months.
March 11 – Hook and Cod wars: With the city of Delft in Holland in rebellion, the regent for Holland, Albert of Bavaria, orders the blocking of all waterways around Delft before beginning a formal siege if Delft does not surrender by April 1.
March 24 –
- The Second Treaty of London is signed by the monarchs of England (King Edward III) and France (King Jean II, a prisoner of war since 1356 and signing under duress) with a goal of ending the two kingdom's conflict in the Hundred Years' War. Under its terms, which Jean's son the Dauphin Charles refuses to ratify, would have led to the cession of half of France's territory— including Brittany, Normandy, Anjou, Touraine and Maine— to England. King Edward then makes plans to invade France in October.
- Hook and Cod wars: The siege of Heemskerk Castle, which was started on Dedcember 4 by Albert of Bavaria, administrator of Holland, for the Hook partisans, ends after three months with Heemskerk falling to Albert. During the siege, however, the city of Delft, controlled by the Cod sympathizers, has revolted.

April–June

April 1 – Hook and Cod wars: Duke Albert I of Bavaria the Habsburg regent for Holland, begins the siege of Delft, a stronghold for the rebellious Cods. After 10 weeks, Delft surrenders in June under terms of dismantling the city walls and the payment to the Hooks of 40,000 ecus.
April 19 – A 1357 truce agreed upon by England and France expires after two years, clearing the way for hostilities to resume.
May 25 – The French States-General repudiates the terms of the Second Treaty of London, signed earlier in the year between England and France.
May 29 – The siege of Delft ends after two months as the city, a center for the Cods in the Hook and Cod wars, surrenders to the Hooks and the army of the Count of Holland, the regent Albert of Bavaria.
June 11 – The Battle of Barcelona between the Spanish kingdoms of Castile (with aid from Portugal) and Aragon in the War of the Two Pedros, a naval battle off the coast of Barcelona, ends after two days. Althogh the Castilian Navy of more than 120 ships vastly outnumbers the 10 galleys of Aragon, the Aragonese make the first use of naval artillery and employs its new weapon, a bombard mounted on one of its ships.
June 20 – Upon the death of Erik Magnusson, his claims to the Swedish throne die with him, and power is restored undivided to his father, King Magnus Eriksson. With this unexpected death of Erik Magnusson, a previous promise to give Helsingborg to Denmark was reneged on by Magnus Eriksson. But Valdemar IV Atterdag was far too ambitious a ruler to have his plan to reassemble the Danish kingdom fall into pieces, and so he proceeded to invade Scania the next year with his mercenary army.

July–September

July 4 – Francesco II Ordelaffi surrenders to the Papal commander, Gil de Albornoz.
August 23 – (28 Ramadan 760 AHIn what is now Spain, Ismail II becomes the new Sultan of Granada in a coup d'etat against his half-brother, Muhammed V.. About 100 men under Ismail's command scale the walls of the royal palace, the Alhambra, overpower the guards and kill the hajib Ridwan. Muhammad V is away from the palace and flees eastward to the city of Guadix, where his authority is still recognized.
August – Qulpa becomes Khan of the Blue Horde after the death of Berdi Beg.
September – Margaret, Countess of Tyrol, and her second husband, Louis V, Duke of Bavaria, are absolved from excommunication.

October–December

October 28 – King Edward III of England lands at Calais] to begin the Reims campaign, a second invasion of France, after peace negotiations fail, and is determined to reach Reims in order to be crowned as the King of France.
November 4 – The deposed Granadan sultan Muhammad V flees Europe after conceding defeat and sails to Africa, where he and other former officials end up at Fez in what is now Morocco.
December 14 – Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona, a city-state in Italy, since 1351, is assassinated on orders of his younger brother, Cansignorio della Scala, who becomes the new ruler.
December 19 – The General Court of Catalonia (parliament) is held in Cervera, giving birth to the Deputation of the General of Catalonia (Diputació del General de Catalunya), also called Generalitat of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya).

Date unknown

Abu Salim Ali II overthrows Muhammad II as-Said as ruler of the Marinid dynasty, in modern-day Morocco.
Shah Mahmud overthrows his brother, Shah Shuja, as leader of the Muzaffarid tribe in Persia.
Ananda Patel (considered common ancestor for most of the modern-day population of Bhadran) moves to Bhadran from Anklav.
Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.
probable date – Battle of Megara: A Christian coalition defeats a Turkish raider fleet.
earliest possible date – Bogdan I becomes Prince of Moldavia (modern-day Moldova) after freeing it from Hungarian control. He will be ancestor of the House of Bogdan, who will rule Moldavia for more than three centuries.

Births

1350

January 23 – Vincent Ferrer, Valencian missionary and saint (d. 1419)
April 13 – Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (d. 1405)
June 27 – Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1425)
October 12 – Dmitri Donskoi, Grand Duke of Muscovy and Vladimir (d. 1389)
November 25 – Katherine Swynford, mistress of John of Gaunt (approximate date; d. 1403)
December 27 – John I of Aragon (d. 1396)
date unknown
- Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (d. 1427)
- Agnolo Gaddi, Italian painter (d. 1396)
- William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England (approximate date; d. 1419)
- Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (d. 1397)
- John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (approximate date; d. 1400)
- Madhava of Sangamagrama, Indian mathematician (d. 1425)
- John I Stanley of the Isle of Man (approximate date; d. 1414)
- Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (d. 1415)
- William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1399)
- Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish historian (d. 1420)
- Záviš von Zap, Czech theologian and composer (d. c. 1411)

1351

October 16 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (d. 1402)
November 1 – Leopold III, Duke of Austria (d. 1386)
Princess Joan of France (d. 1371)
probable – Władysław II Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland (d. 1434)

1352

May 5 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (d. 1410)
Elizabeth of Slavonia, Latin empress consort of Constantinople
date unknown
- John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (d. 1400)
- Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania (d. 1430)

1353

March – Margaret I of Denmark, queen of Haakon VI of Norway (d. 1412)
July 15 – Vladimir the Bold, Russian prince (d. 1410)
date unknown
- Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1414)
- Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, queen consort of Armenia and Cyprus (d. 1421)
- John Purvey, English scholar and Bible translator (d. 1428)

1354

Constance of Castile, wife of John of Gaunt (d. 1394)
Denis, Lord of Cifuentes, infante of Portugal (d. c.1397)
Alonso Enríquez, Spanish nobleman (d. 1429)
Frederick III, Count of Moers, German nobleman (d. 1417)
Gilbert de Greenlaw, Scottish bishop (d. 1421)
Jean de Grouchy, Norman knight (k. 1435)
Margaret of Joinville, French noblewoman (d. 1418)
Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley, English nobleman (d. 1416)
Eric IV, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1411/12)
Roger de Scales, 4th Baron Scales, English nobleman (d. 1387)
Catherine of Vendôme, French noblewoman (d. 1412)
Violante Visconti, Italian noblewoman (d. 1386)
Walram IV, Count of Nassau-Idstein, German nobleman (d. 1393)

1355

January 7 – Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (d. 1397)
August 16 – Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster (d. 1382)
October 10 – Zhu Biao, eldest son of the Hongwu Emperor and crown prince of the Ming dynasty (d. 1392)

probable
- Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (d. 1395)
- Manuel Chrysoloras, Byzantine humanist (d. 1415)
- Konrad von Jungingen, German 25th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
- Gemistus Pletho, Greek scholar
- Foelke Kampana, Frisian lady and regent (d. 1418)
- Mircea the Elder, Voivode of Wallachia (d. 1418)

1356

July 29 – Martin of Aragon (d. 1410)
date unknown
- Ingegerd Knutsdotter, Swedish abbess (d. 1412)
- Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (d. 1387)

1357

April 11 – King John I of Portugal (d. 1433)
date unknown
- Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (d. 1417)
- Hugo von Montfort, Austrian minstrel (d. 1423)
- Anna of Trebizond, Queen of Georgia (d. 1406)
- Fang Xiaoru, Confucian scholar (d. 1402)
- Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (d. 1419)

1358

February 20 – Eleanor of Aragon, queen of John I of Castile (d. 1382)
August 24 – King John I of Castile (d. 1390)
September 25 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1408)
date unknown
- Ide Pedersdatter Falk, Danish noblewoman (d. 1399)
- Anne of Auvergne, Sovereign Dauphine of Auvergne and Countess of Forez (d. 1417)

1359

January 11 – Emperor Go-En'yū of Japan (d. 1393)
May 19 - Francesco Novello da Carrara, Italian lord (d. 1406)
July 15 – Antonio Correr, Spanish cardinal (d. 1445)
date unknown
- probable – Owain Glyndŵr, last Welsh Prince of Wales (d. 1416)
- Ashikaga Ujimitsu, Japanese warrior, (d. 1398)
- Ibn al-Majdi, Egyptian astronomer (d. 1447)
- Intharacha, Thai king, (d. 1424)
- James Butler, Irish nobleman (d. 1405)
- John III of Armagnac, French count (d. 1391)
- John V, German nobleman (d. 1437)
- John Dinham, English knight (d 1428)
- Niccolò da Uzzano, Italian politician, (d. 1431)
- Sheikh Bedreddin, Ottoman mystic and revolutionary (d. 1420)
- Wang Zhong, Chinese marquis (d. 1409)

Deaths

1350

January 6 – Giovanni I di Murta, second doge of the Republic of Genoa
March 26 or 27 March – Alfonso XI of Castile (b. 1311)
August 22 – Philip VI of France (b. 1293)
November 19 – Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu
December 26 – Jean de Marigny, French bishop
date unknown
- Maol Íosa V, Earl of Strathearn, last Gaelic Mormaer of Strathearn
- Olaf of Roskilde, last Danish Bishop of Reval
- Gayatri Rajapatni, Queen consort of Majapahit
probable
- Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita (b. c. 1283)
- Margaret, Countess of Soissons
- Namdev, Marathi saint and poet (b. 1270)
supposed – Till Eulenspiegel, German prankster

1351

February 13 – Kō no Morofuyu, Japanese general
March 20 – Muhammad bin Tughluq, Sultan of Delhi
March 25
- Kō no Moronao, Japanese samurai
- Kō no Moroyasu, Japanese samurai
May 24 – Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, Sultan of Morocco (b. 1297)
June 20 – Margareta Ebner, German nun (b. 1291)
November 15 – Joanna of Pfirt, duchess consort of Austria

1352

September 15 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (b. 1273)
December 6 – Pope Clement VI (b. 1291)
date unknown
- Matthias of Arras, French architect (b. 1290)
- Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily, regent of Sicily (b. 1298)
- William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros (b. 1325)
- Basarab I of Wallachia
- Al-Hakim II, Caliph of Cairo
- Laurence Minot, English poet (b. 1300)
- Vasilii Kalika, Archbishop of Novgorod
- Yoshida Kenkō, Japanese monk and author (b. 1283)

1353

February 2 – Anne of Bavaria, queen consort of Bohemia (b. 1329)
March 6 – Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn
March 11 – Theognostus, metropolitan of Kiev and Moscow
April 27 – Simeon of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir
October 4 – Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1306)
November or December – Togha Temür, claimant to the throne of the Mongol Il-Khanate in Persia (assassinated)
date unknown
- Matilda, daughter of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland
- Elisabeth of Austria, Duchess of Lorraine, regent of Lorraine
- Sir Ulick Burke, Irish nobleman

1354

date unknown – Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (b. 1280)

1355

January 7 – Inês de Castro, lover of King Peter I of Portugal (murdered) (b. 1325)
April 17 – Marin Falier, Doge of Venice (b. 1285)
April 22 – Eleanor of Woodstock, countess regent of Guelders, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England (b. 1318)
May – Guo Zixing, Chinese Red Turban rebel leader
August 3 – Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
October 16 – Louis of Sicily
December 5 – John III, Duke of Brabant (b. 1300)
December 20 – Stefan Dušan, Emperor of Serbia
date unknown – Bettina d'Andrea, Italian lawyer and professor

1356

January 10 – Toqto'a, Yuan dynasty official who was murdered (b. 1314)
June 23 – Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut (b. 1311)
September 19 (killed at the Battle of Poitiers):
- Peter I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1311)
- Walter VI, Count of Brienne, Constable of France (b. 1304)
date unknown
- Harihara I, founder of the Vijayanagara Empire
- Zheng Yunduan, Chinese poet (b. c. 1327)

1357

January 18 – Maria of Portugal, infanta (b. 1313)
May 28 – King Afonso IV of Portugal (b. 1291)
July 13 – Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Italian jurist (b. 1313)
date unknown
- Usman Serajuddin, court scholar of the Bengal Sultanate (b. 1258)
- Ziauddin Barani, historian and political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate (b. 1285)
- Jani Beg, Khan of the Blue Horde
- Kazerouni, Masoud, Persian physician
- Rao Tida, Rathore ruler of Marwar

1358

January 6 – Gertrude van der Oosten, Dutch beguine
January 10 – Abu Inan Faris, Marinid ruler of Morocco (b. 1329)
February 11 – Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, first Bahmani Sultan of Deccan
June 7 – Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese shōgun (b. 1305)
c. June – Guillaume Cale, French peasant revolutionary (executed)
July 31 – Étienne Marcel, Provost of the merchants of Paris
August 16 – Albert II, Duke of Austria (b. 1298)
August 22 – Isabella of France, queen consort of Edward II of England (b. 1295)
November – Gregory of Rimini, Italian philosopher
December 29 – Niels Bugge, Danish magnate and rebel leader (murdered) (b. 1300)
date unknown – Brian MacCathmhaoil, Irish Bishop of Clogher (plague)

1359

June 21 – Erik Magnusson, king of Sweden since 1356 (b. 1339)
October 10 – King Hugh IV of Cyprus (b. 1310)
October 25 – Beatrice of Castile, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1293)
November 13 – Ivan II of Russia, Grand Duke of Moscovy (b. 1326)
December 14 – Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (b. 1332)
date unknown – Jeanne de Clisson, French noblewoman and privateer (b. 1300)

References

↑ Canale, Michele Giuseppe (1864). Nuova Istoria della repubblica di Genova. Epoca quarta (1339-1528): I dogi popolari. Florence: Felice Le Monnier. p. 151.
↑ "BBC - History - British History in depth: Black Death". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
↑ Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (19 December 2016). The Black Death and Later Plague Epidemics in the Scandinavian Countries:: Perspectives and Controversies. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 261. ISBN 978-83-7656-047-2.
↑ Blackstone, William; Stewart, James (1839). The Rights of Persons, According to the Text of Blackstone: Incorporating the Alterations Down to the Present Time. p. 77.
↑ The Treason Act 1351 legislation.gov.uk.
↑ Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 104–106. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
↑ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World (Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
↑ Wagner, John A. (2006). "Saintes, Battle of (1351)". Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0313327360. p. 275.
↑ Rickard, J. (2000-10-03). "Battle of Taillebourg, 8 April 1351". Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. Retrieved 2015-03-26.
↑ Musarra, Antonio (2020). Il Grifo e il Leone: Genova e Venezia in lotta per il Mediterraneo (in Italian). Bari and Rome: Editori Laterza. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-88-581-4072-7.
↑ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 302
↑ University of Cambridge (6 March 2019). "Notice by the Editor". Cambridge University Reporter. 149 (Special No 5): 1. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
↑ Nicolle, David; Hook, Adam. Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710^{[permanent dead link]}. Osprey Publishing, 2010. Accessed 3 Sept 2011.
↑ Musarra, Antonio (2020). Il Grifo e il Leone: Genova e Venezia in lotta per il Mediterraneo (in Italian). Bari and Rome: Editori Laterza. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-88-581-4072-7.
↑ Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F. P., eds. (2000). Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa. New York: Marcus Weiner Press. p. 299. ISBN 1-55876-241-8.
↑ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 444–445 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 303; Dunn 2005, p. 306
↑ Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State, pp. 530–537. Rutgers University Press (New Jersey),
↑ Crowley, Roger. 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. New York: Hyperion, 2005. p 31 ISBN 1-4013-0850-3.
↑ Ronald G. Musto, Apocalypse in Rome. Cola di Rienzo and the politics of the New Age(Berkeley & Los Angeles, University of California Press, 2003).
↑ Musarra, Antonio (2020). Il Grifo e il Leone: Genova e Venezia in lotta per il Mediterraneo (in Italian). Bari and Rome: Editori Laterza. pp. 239–240. ISBN 978-88-581-4072-7.
↑ Musarra, Antonio (2020). Il Grifo e il Leone: Genova e Venezia in lotta per il Mediterraneo (in Italian). Bari and Rome: Editori Laterza. pp. 240–241. ISBN 978-88-581-4072-7.
↑ Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991
↑ (in Romanian) Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, vol. I, Ed. ALL Educațional, București, 2003.
↑ Brockliss, L. W. B. (2016). The University of Oxford: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924356-3.
1 2 3 Denis Twitchett (1988). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–45. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
↑ Villari, Luigi (1911). "Faliero, Marino" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
↑ Hammond, Matthew (2019). "The Acts of Edward Balliol, king of Scots (1332–56)". The community of the realm in Scotland, 1249–1424. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
↑ Sumption, Jonathan (1999). Trial by Fire. The Hundred Years War. Vol. II. London: Faber and Faber. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-571-13896-8.
1 2 Rogers, Clifford (2014) [2000]. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 339–340. ISBN 978-0-85115-804-4.
↑ Dollinger, Philippe (2012). Die Hanse [The Hanseatic League]. Stuttgart: Auflage. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-520-37106-5.
↑ "The Matthiae meal". Deutsche Welle. EU Screen. 2003.
↑ Mote, Frederick W. (1988). "The rise of the Ming dynasty, 1330–1367". In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–51. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
↑ al-Ghāzī, ‘Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad (2009). ‘Abd al-Malik ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Duhaysh (ed.). Ifādat al-anām إفادة الأنام [For the Benefit of the People] (in Arabic). Vol. 3. Makkah: Maktabat al-Asadī. pp. 206–207.
↑ Ibn Fahd, ‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz ibn ‘Umar ibn Muḥammad (1988) [1518]. Shaltūt, Fahīm Muḥammad (ed.). Ghāyat al-marām bi-akhbār salṭanat al-Balad al-Ḥarām غاية المرام بأخبار سلطنة البلد الحرام [The Ultimate Aim Regarding the News of the Sultanate of the Sacred Land]. Vol. 2. Makkah: Jāmi‘at Umm al-Qurá, Markaz al-Baḥth al-‘Ilmī wa-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-Islāmī, Kullīyat al-Sharīʻah wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyah. pp. 134-135language=ar.
↑ Oskar Halecki; W: F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson. The Law of Magdeburg used in Poland. The Cambridge History of Poland. CUP (Cambridge University Press) Archive. pp. 133–136. ISBN 1-001-28802-5. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
↑ McKisack 1959, p. 139.
↑ "Erik Magnusson". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
↑ 1356 Basel Earthquake: A 650-Year Retrospective" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2023. The most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe.
↑ Epstein, Steven A. (1996). Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-8078-4992-7.
↑ Michel Margue; Michel Pauly (2009). "Luxemburg, Metz und das Reich. Die Reichsstadt im Gesichtsfeld Karls IV". In Ulrike Hohensee (ed.). Die Goldene Bulle: Politik – Wahrnehmung – Rezeption. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. pp. 911–912.
↑ Luxembourg, Charles IV (2 November 2019). The Golden Bull of 1356 AD. ISBN 978-1-9870-2740-2
↑ Lindström, Dag. 1991. Skrå, stad och stat. Stockholm, Malmö och Bergen ca 1350-1622. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Uppsala.
↑ Margue, Michel (2009). "Luxemburg, Metz und das Reich. Die Reichsstadt im Gesichtsfeld Karls IV ( Luxembourg, Metz and the Empire. The Imperial City in the Sight of Charles IV)". In Ulrike Hohensee (ed.). Die Goldene Bulle: Politik – Wahrnehmung – Rezeption [The Golden Bull: Politics – Perception – Reception]. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. pp. 911–912.
↑ Michelet, Jules; Smith, G. H. (1845). History of France: from the earliest period to the present time. Vol. 1. D. Appleton & Co. p. 442.
↑ Fusero, Clemente (1973). I Doria (in Italian). Milan: Deall'Oglio. p. 44.
↑ History of Yuan Dynasty, Volume 45
↑ Walsingham, Thomas (1858–1863). Haydon, Frank Scott (ed.). Eulogium (historiarum sive temporis): Chronicon ab orbe condito usque ad annum Domini M.CCC.LXCI., a monacho quodam Malmesburiensi exaratum. Rolls Series. Vol. 9. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longsman, and Roberts. p. 227.
↑ Savisky, Serge (2001). Les Valois dans la tourmente : l'ordonnance du 3 mars 1357 [The Valois in Turmoil : The Ordinance of 3 March 1357]. Chamalières: Canope.
↑ Schybergson, Magnus Gottfrid (1903). Finlands historia (in Swedish). Vol. 2. G. W. Edlund. p. 90.
↑ Chronological Table of the Statutes: Covering the Period from 1235 to the End of 1971. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1972. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-11-840096-1 – via Google Books.
↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hunt, William (1889), "Edward the Black Prince", in Stephen, Leslie (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 17, London: Smith, Elder & Co, p. 95
↑ "Oporto to Photoengraving". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 21. Scholastic Library Publishing. 2004. p. 803. ISBN 978-0-7172-0138-9.
↑ van Bree, Hans (1999). Het aanzien van een millennium. Kroniek van historische gebeurtenissen van de Lage Landen 1000–2000 [The Appearance of a Millennium. Chronicle of Historical Events of the Low Countries 1000–2000] (in Dutch). Utrecht: Uitgeverij Het Spectrum. pp. 28–30. ISBN 9027468443.
↑ Burton, Richard (2003). Prague: a cultural and literary history. Signal Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-902669-63-2.
↑ Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D. C. B.; Suny, Ronald Grigor (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia: From early Rus' to 1689. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-521-81227-6.
↑ Al-Harithy, Howyda (1996). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. BRILL. ISBN 9789004106338.
↑ Françoise de Bernardy, Princes of Monaco: The Remarkable History of the Grimaldi Family (Arthur Barker Publishing, 1961)
↑ Thomson, J. Maitland. The Bishops of Scotland. 1912: J. Maclehose and Sons.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
↑ Brown, Keith M. (2004). Tanner, Roland (ed.). Parliament and politics in Scotland, 1235–1560. Edinburgh University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7486-1485-1.
↑ Sumption, Jonathan (1999). Trial by Fire: The Hundred Years War. Vol. II. Faber & Faber. pp. 294–295.
↑ Sumption, Jonathan (1999). Trial by Fire: The Hundred Years War. Vol. II. Faber & Faber. pp. 294–295.
↑ Bunce, Frederick W. (2006). Royal palaces, residences, and pavilions of India. D.K. Printworld. p. 303. ISBN 978-81-246-0356-7.
↑ Raoult, Didier; Drancourt, Michel (2008). Paleomicrobiology: past human infections. Springer. p. 200. ISBN 978-3-540-75854-9.
↑ The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating. Vol. 2. DIANE Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-4223-1857-7.
↑ Eliot, Joshua; Bickersteth, Jane (2003). Thailand handbook (2nd ed.). Footprint Travel Guides. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-903471-54-8.
↑ .Bosworth, Clifford E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3.
↑ Sherwani, Harroon Khan (1946). The Bahmanis Of The Deccan. p. 76.
↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 106–108. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
1 2 Wagenaar, Jan (1770), Vaderlandsche historie, vol. III, Amsterdam: Isaak Tirion, pp. 293–296
1 2 "Storia di Milano ::: dal 1351 al 1375". www.storiadimilano.it.
1 2 Justine Firnhaber-Baker, The Jacquerie of 1358: A French Peasants' Revolt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
1 2 Mollat, Guillaume (1914). "Androin de La Roche". In Alfred Baudrillart; P. Richard; Albert Vogt; Urbain Rouziès (eds.). Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques. Vol. 2. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. cols. 1770–1773.
↑ Kenneth Meyer Setton (1978). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571 Vol. 2, (Diane Publishing), ISBN 0-87169-127-2.
↑ Firnhaber-Baker, Justine (2021). The Jacquerie of 1358 : a French peasants' revolt (First ed.). Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-259835-6. OCLC 1255709650.
↑ Ratti Vidulich, Paola, ed. (1976). Duca di Candia: Quaternus Consiliorum, 1340–1350. Venice: Comitato per la pubblicazione delle fonti relative alla storia di Venezia.
↑ "L'alpinismo? È nato sul Rocciamelone". La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. July 30, 2008.
1 2 Thiriet, Freddy, ed. (1966). Délibérations des assemblées vénitiennes concernant la Romanie. Vol. 1: 1160–1363. Paris: Mouton. p. 241.
↑ Klaversma, Taede (1991), "De heren van Horne, Altena en Kortessem (1345 -1433) (vervolg)" (PDF), Weert in woord en beeld: jaarboek voor Weert, vol. V, Stichting Weerter Publikaties, Weert, p. 29
↑ Rogers, Clifford J. (2014) [2000]. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 388–389. ISBN 978-0-85115-804-4.
↑ Edbury, Peter W. (1991). The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–148.
↑ "Geography at about.com". Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2006.
↑ Mortimer, Ian (2007). The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation. London: Pimlico. pp. 334–335. ISBN 978-1-84413-530-1.
1 2 Wagenaar, Jan (1770), Vaderlandsche historie, vol. III, Isaak Tirion, Amsterdam, pp. 296–297
↑ Hoskins, Peter (2011). In the Steps of the Black Prince: The Road to Poitiers, 1355–1356. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-84383-611-7.
↑ name="Tout1905">Tout, T. F. (1905). The Political History of England, Volume 3. Longmans, Green And Co. p. 395.
↑ "Erik Magnusson". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
1 2 "Chronology of Sweden". worldtimeline.info. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
↑ Rendina, Claudio (1994). I capitani di ventura. Rome: Newton Compton.
↑ Harvey, L. P. (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. University of Chicago Press. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-0-226-31962-9.
↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hunt, William (1889). "Edward III". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 17. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 62–63. endnote
↑ Fernández-Puertas, Antonio (1997). "The Three Great Sultans of al-Dawla al-Ismā'īliyya al-Naṣriyya Who Built the Fourteenth-Century Alhambra: Ismā'īl I, Yūsuf I, Muḥammad V (713–793/1314–1391)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 7 (1). London: Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 15–16.
↑ Varanini, Gian Maria (1989). "DELLA SCALA, Cangrande". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 37: Della Fratta–Della Volpaia. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6.
↑ Adam J. Kosto (3 May 2001). Making Agreements in Medieval Catalonia: Power, Order, and the Written Word, 1000-1200. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79239-4. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
↑ Luttrell, Anthony (1975). "The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 278–313. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
↑ Topping, Peter (1975). "The Morea, 1311–1364". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 104–140. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
↑ Georgescu, Vlad (1991). The Romanians: A History. Ohio State University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-8142-0511-9.
↑ Taizu Shilu, Vol.26
↑ "Acamapichtli, "Puñado de cañas" (1375-1395)" [Acamapichtli, "Fistful of canes" (1375-1395)]. Arqueologia Mexicana (in Spanish). July 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
↑ "John I | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
↑ "Philip VI | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
↑ "Clement VI | pope | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
↑ Paul Varley. (1995). "Kitabatake Chikafusa", Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, p. 335.
↑ Hourihane, Colum (2012). The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. OUP USA. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-19-539536-5.
↑ Panton, James (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarecrow Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8108-7497-8.
↑ "Afonso IV | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ Abdul Karim (2012). "Shaikh Akhi Sirajuddin Usman (R)". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
↑ "Niels Bugge ca. 1300-1358". danmarkshistorien.dk (in Danish). Aarhus Universitet. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
↑ "Ivan II | Russian prince". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
↑ Axelrod, Alan (2013). Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies. CQ Press. p. 174. ISBN 9781483364674.

[1] Canale, Michele Giuseppe (1864). Nuova Istoria della repubblica di Genova. Epoca quarta (1339-1528): I dogi popolari. Florence: Felice Le Monnier. p. 151.

[2] "BBC - History - British History in depth: Black Death". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2021.

[3] Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (19 December 2016). The Black Death and Later Plague Epidemics in the Scandinavian Countries:: Perspectives and Controversies. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 261. ISBN 978-83-7656-047-2.

[4] Blackstone, William; Stewart, James (1839). The Rights of Persons, According to the Text of Blackstone: Incorporating the Alterations Down to the Present Time. p. 77.

[5] The Treason Act 1351 legislation.gov.uk.

[CBH-6] Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 104–106. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.

[7] Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World (Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 43.

[8] Wagner, John A. (2006). "Saintes, Battle of (1351)". Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0313327360. p. 275.

[9] Rickard, J. (2000-10-03). "Battle of Taillebourg, 8 April 1351". Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. Retrieved 2015-03-26.

[10] Musarra, Antonio (2020). Il Grifo e il Leone: Genova e Venezia in lotta per il Mediterraneo (in Italian). Bari and Rome: Editori Laterza. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-88-581-4072-7.

[11] Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 302

[12] University of Cambridge (6 March 2019). "Notice by the Editor". Cambridge University Reporter. 149 (Special No 5): 1. Retrieved 20 March 2019.

[13] Nicolle, David; Hook, Adam. Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710^{[permanent dead link]}. Osprey Publishing, 2010. Accessed 3 Sept 2011.

[14] Musarra, Antonio (2020). Il Grifo e il Leone: Genova e Venezia in lotta per il Mediterraneo (in Italian). Bari and Rome: Editori Laterza. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-88-581-4072-7.

[15] Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F. P., eds. (2000). Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa. New York: Marcus Weiner Press. p. 299. ISBN 1-55876-241-8.

[16] Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 444–445 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 303; Dunn 2005, p. 306

[17] Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State, pp. 530–537. Rutgers University Press (New Jersey),

[18] Crowley, Roger. 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. New York: Hyperion, 2005. p 31 ISBN 1-4013-0850-3.

[19] Ronald G. Musto, Apocalypse in Rome. Cola di Rienzo and the politics of the New Age(Berkeley & Los Angeles, University of California Press, 2003).

[20] Musarra, Antonio (2020). Il Grifo e il Leone: Genova e Venezia in lotta per il Mediterraneo (in Italian). Bari and Rome: Editori Laterza. pp. 239–240. ISBN 978-88-581-4072-7.

[21] Musarra, Antonio (2020). Il Grifo e il Leone: Genova e Venezia in lotta per il Mediterraneo (in Italian). Bari and Rome: Editori Laterza. pp. 240–241. ISBN 978-88-581-4072-7.

[22] Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991

[23] (in Romanian) Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, vol. I, Ed. ALL Educațional, București, 2003.

[24] Brockliss, L. W. B. (2016). The University of Oxford: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924356-3.

[Twitchett-25] 1 2 3 Denis Twitchett (1988). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–45. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.

[26] Villari, Luigi (1911). "Faliero, Marino" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.

[27] Hammond, Matthew (2019). "The Acts of Edward Balliol, king of Scots (1332–56)". The community of the realm in Scotland, 1249–1424. Retrieved June 15, 2023.

[28] Sumption, Jonathan (1999). Trial by Fire. The Hundred Years War. Vol. II. London: Faber and Faber. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-571-13896-8.

[Rogers-29] 1 2 Rogers, Clifford (2014) [2000]. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 339–340. ISBN 978-0-85115-804-4.

[30] Dollinger, Philippe (2012). Die Hanse [The Hanseatic League]. Stuttgart: Auflage. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-520-37106-5.

[31] "The Matthiae meal". Deutsche Welle. EU Screen. 2003.

[32] Mote, Frederick W. (1988). "The rise of the Ming dynasty, 1330–1367". In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–51. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.

[33] -Ghāzī, ‘Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad (2009). ‘Abd al-Malik ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Duhaysh (ed.). Ifādat al-anām إفادة الأنام [For the Benefit of the People] (in Arabic). Vol. 3. Makkah: Maktabat al-Asadī. pp. 206–207.

[34] Ibn Fahd, ‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz ibn ‘Umar ibn Muḥammad (1988) [1518]. Shaltūt, Fahīm Muḥammad (ed.). Ghāyat al-marām bi-akhbār salṭanat al-Balad al-Ḥarām غاية المرام بأخبار سلطنة البلد الحرام [The Ultimate Aim Regarding the News of the Sultanate of the Sacred Land]. Vol. 2. Makkah: Jāmi‘at Umm al-Qurá, Markaz al-Baḥth al-‘Ilmī wa-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-Islāmī, Kullīyat al-Sharīʻah wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyah. pp. 134-135language=ar.

[35] Oskar Halecki; W: F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson. The Law of Magdeburg used in Poland. The Cambridge History of Poland. CUP (Cambridge University Press) Archive. pp. 133–136. ISBN 1-001-28802-5. Retrieved June 16, 2023.

[36] McKisack 1959, p. 139.

[37] "Erik Magnusson". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved June 15, 2023.

[38] 1356 Basel Earthquake: A 650-Year Retrospective" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2023. The most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe.

[39] Epstein, Steven A. (1996). Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-8078-4992-7.

[40] Michel Margue; Michel Pauly (2009). "Luxemburg, Metz und das Reich. Die Reichsstadt im Gesichtsfeld Karls IV". In Ulrike Hohensee (ed.). Die Goldene Bulle: Politik – Wahrnehmung – Rezeption. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. pp. 911–912.

[41] Luxembourg, Charles IV (2 November 2019). The Golden Bull of 1356 AD. ISBN 978-1-9870-2740-2

[42] Lindström, Dag. 1991. Skrå, stad och stat. Stockholm, Malmö och Bergen ca 1350-1622. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Uppsala.

[43] Margue, Michel (2009). "Luxemburg, Metz und das Reich. Die Reichsstadt im Gesichtsfeld Karls IV ( Luxembourg, Metz and the Empire. The Imperial City in the Sight of Charles IV)". In Ulrike Hohensee (ed.). Die Goldene Bulle: Politik – Wahrnehmung – Rezeption [The Golden Bull: Politics – Perception – Reception]. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. pp. 911–912.

[44] Michelet, Jules; Smith, G. H. (1845). History of France: from the earliest period to the present time. Vol. 1. D. Appleton & Co. p. 442.

[45] Fusero, Clemente (1973). I Doria (in Italian). Milan: Deall'Oglio. p. 44.

[46] History of Yuan Dynasty, Volume 45

[47] Walsingham, Thomas (1858–1863). Haydon, Frank Scott (ed.). Eulogium (historiarum sive temporis): Chronicon ab orbe condito usque ad annum Domini M.CCC.LXCI., a monacho quodam Malmesburiensi exaratum. Rolls Series. Vol. 9. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longsman, and Roberts. p. 227.

[48] Savisky, Serge (2001). Les Valois dans la tourmente : l'ordonnance du 3 mars 1357 [The Valois in Turmoil : The Ordinance of 3 March 1357]. Chamalières: Canope.

[49] Schybergson, Magnus Gottfrid (1903). Finlands historia (in Swedish). Vol. 2. G. W. Edlund. p. 90.

[50] Chronological Table of the Statutes: Covering the Period from 1235 to the End of 1971. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1972. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-11-840096-1 – via Google Books.

[51] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hunt, William (1889), "Edward the Black Prince", in Stephen, Leslie (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 17, London: Smith, Elder & Co, p. 95

[52] "Oporto to Photoengraving". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 21. Scholastic Library Publishing. 2004. p. 803. ISBN 978-0-7172-0138-9.

[53] van Bree, Hans (1999). Het aanzien van een millennium. Kroniek van historische gebeurtenissen van de Lage Landen 1000–2000 [The Appearance of a Millennium. Chronicle of Historical Events of the Low Countries 1000–2000] (in Dutch). Utrecht: Uitgeverij Het Spectrum. pp. 28–30. ISBN 9027468443.

[54] Burton, Richard (2003). Prague: a cultural and literary history. Signal Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-902669-63-2.

[55] Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D. C. B.; Suny, Ronald Grigor (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia: From early Rus' to 1689. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-521-81227-6.

[56] Al-Harithy, Howyda (1996). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. BRILL. ISBN 9789004106338.

[57] Françoise de Bernardy, Princes of Monaco: The Remarkable History of the Grimaldi Family (Arthur Barker Publishing, 1961)

[58] Thomson, J. Maitland. The Bishops of Scotland. 1912: J. Maclehose and Sons.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[59] Brown, Keith M. (2004). Tanner, Roland (ed.). Parliament and politics in Scotland, 1235–1560. Edinburgh University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7486-1485-1.

[60] Sumption, Jonathan (1999). Trial by Fire: The Hundred Years War. Vol. II. Faber & Faber. pp. 294–295.

[61] Sumption, Jonathan (1999). Trial by Fire: The Hundred Years War. Vol. II. Faber & Faber. pp. 294–295.

[62] Bunce, Frederick W. (2006). Royal palaces, residences, and pavilions of India. D.K. Printworld. p. 303. ISBN 978-81-246-0356-7.

[63] Raoult, Didier; Drancourt, Michel (2008). Paleomicrobiology: past human infections. Springer. p. 200. ISBN 978-3-540-75854-9.

[64] The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating. Vol. 2. DIANE Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-4223-1857-7.

[65] Eliot, Joshua; Bickersteth, Jane (2003). Thailand handbook (2nd ed.). Footprint Travel Guides. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-903471-54-8.

[66] .Bosworth, Clifford E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3.

[67] Sherwani, Harroon Khan (1946). The Bahmanis Of The Deccan. p. 76.

[sen2-68] Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 106–108. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.

[Waggenaar-69] 1 2 Wagenaar, Jan (1770), Vaderlandsche historie, vol. III, Amsterdam: Isaak Tirion, pp. 293–296

[storia-70] 1 2 "Storia di Milano ::: dal 1351 al 1375". www.storiadimilano.it.

[Firnhaberbaker-71] 1 2 Justine Firnhaber-Baker, The Jacquerie of 1358: A French Peasants' Revolt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.

[Roche-72] 1 2 Mollat, Guillaume (1914). "Androin de La Roche". In Alfred Baudrillart; P. Richard; Albert Vogt; Urbain Rouziès (eds.). Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques. Vol. 2. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. cols. 1770–1773.

[73] Kenneth Meyer Setton (1978). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571 Vol. 2, (Diane Publishing), ISBN 0-87169-127-2.

[74] Firnhaber-Baker, Justine (2021). The Jacquerie of 1358 : a French peasants' revolt (First ed.). Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-259835-6. OCLC 1255709650.

[75] Ratti Vidulich, Paola, ed. (1976). Duca di Candia: Quaternus Consiliorum, 1340–1350. Venice: Comitato per la pubblicazione delle fonti relative alla storia di Venezia.

[lastampa-76] "L'alpinismo? È nato sul Rocciamelone". La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. July 30, 2008.

[Thiriet-77] 1 2 Thiriet, Freddy, ed. (1966). Délibérations des assemblées vénitiennes concernant la Romanie. Vol. 1: 1160–1363. Paris: Mouton. p. 241.

[78] Klaversma, Taede (1991), "De heren van Horne, Altena en Kortessem (1345 -1433) (vervolg)" (PDF), Weert in woord en beeld: jaarboek voor Weert, vol. V, Stichting Weerter Publikaties, Weert, p. 29

[79] Rogers, Clifford J. (2014) [2000]. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 388–389. ISBN 978-0-85115-804-4.

[80] Edbury, Peter W. (1991). The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–148.

[81] "Geography at about.com". Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2006.

[82] Mortimer, Ian (2007). The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation. London: Pimlico. pp. 334–335. ISBN 978-1-84413-530-1.

[Wagenaar-83] 1 2 Wagenaar, Jan (1770), Vaderlandsche historie, vol. III, Isaak Tirion, Amsterdam, pp. 296–297

[84] Hoskins, Peter (2011). In the Steps of the Black Prince: The Road to Poitiers, 1355–1356. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-84383-611-7.

[85] ="Tout1905">Tout, T. F. (1905). The Political History of England, Volume 3. Longmans, Green And Co. p. 395.

[86] "Erik Magnusson". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved June 19, 2023.

[auto-87] 1 2 "Chronology of Sweden". worldtimeline.info. Retrieved August 1, 2018.

[88] Rendina, Claudio (1994). I capitani di ventura. Rome: Newton Compton.

[89] Harvey, L. P. (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. University of Chicago Press. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-0-226-31962-9.

[90] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hunt, William (1889). "Edward III". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 17. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 62–63. endnote

[91] Fernández-Puertas, Antonio (1997). "The Three Great Sultans of al-Dawla al-Ismā'īliyya al-Naṣriyya Who Built the Fourteenth-Century Alhambra: Ismā'īl I, Yūsuf I, Muḥammad V (713–793/1314–1391)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 7 (1). London: Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 15–16.

[92] Varanini, Gian Maria (1989). "DELLA SCALA, Cangrande". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 37: Della Fratta–Della Volpaia. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6.

[93] Adam J. Kosto (3 May 2001). Making Agreements in Medieval Catalonia: Power, Order, and the Written Word, 1000-1200. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79239-4. Retrieved 19 June 2021.

[94] Luttrell, Anthony (1975). "The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 278–313. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.

[95] Topping, Peter (1975). "The Morea, 1311–1364". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 104–140. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.

[96] Georgescu, Vlad (1991). The Romanians: A History. Ohio State University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-8142-0511-9.

[97] Taizu Shilu, Vol.26

[98] "Acamapichtli, "Puñado de cañas" (1375-1395)" [Acamapichtli, "Fistful of canes" (1375-1395)]. Arqueologia Mexicana (in Spanish). July 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2019.

[99] "John I | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018.

[100] "Philip VI | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 October 2021.

[101] "Clement VI | pope | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 20 August 2022.

[102] Paul Varley. (1995). "Kitabatake Chikafusa", Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, p. 335.

[103] Hourihane, Colum (2012). The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. OUP USA. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-19-539536-5.

[104] Panton, James (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarecrow Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8108-7497-8.

[105] "Afonso IV | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[106] Abdul Karim (2012). "Shaikh Akhi Sirajuddin Usman (R)". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 26 October 2026.

[107] "Niels Bugge ca. 1300-1358". danmarkshistorien.dk (in Danish). Aarhus Universitet. Retrieved 2024-08-03.

[108] "Ivan II | Russian prince". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2018.

[109] Axelrod, Alan (2013). Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies. CQ Press. p. 174. ISBN 9781483364674.