E number

E numbers, short for Europe numbers, are codes for substances used as food additives, including those found naturally in many foods, such as vitamin C, for use within the European Union (EU)^: 27 and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The fact that an additive has an E number implies that its use was at one time permitted in products for sale in the European Single Market; some of these additives are no longer allowed today.

Having a single unified list for food additives was first agreed upon in 1962 with food colouring. In 1964, the directives for preservatives were added; In 1970 antioxidants were added; In 1974 emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents were added as well.

Numbering schemes

The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the Codex Alimentarius committee, though only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European Union as food additives. Outside the European continent plus Russia, E numbers are also encountered on food labelling in other jurisdictions, including the Gulf Cooperation Council, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and India.

Colloquial use

In some European countries, the "E number" is used informally as a derogatory term for artificial food additives. For example, in the UK, food companies are required to include the "E number(s)" in the ingredients that are added as part of the manufacturing process. Many components of naturally occurring healthy foods and vitamins have assigned E numbers (and the number is a synonym for the chemical component), e.g. vitamin C (E300) and lycopene (E160d), found in carrots. At the same time, "E number" is sometimes misunderstood to imply approval for safe consumption. This is not necessarily the case, e.g. Avoparcin (E715) is an antibiotic once used in animal feed, but is no longer permitted in the EU, and has never been permitted for human consumption. Sodium nitrite (E250) is toxic. Sulfuric acid (E513) is harmful to organic tissues.

Classification by numeric range

E number range	Subranges	Description
100–199 (full list) Colours	100–107	yellows
	110–111	oranges
	120–129	reds
	130–139	blues and violets
	140–149	greens
	150–159	browns and blacks
	160–199	gold and others
200–299 (full list) Preservatives	200–209	sorbates
	210–219	benzoates
	220–229	sulfites
	230–239	phenols and formates (methanoates)
	240–259	nitrates
	260–269	acetates (ethanoates)
	270–279	lactates
	280–289	propionates (propanoates)
	290–299	others
300–399 (full list) Antioxidants and acidity regulators	300–305	ascorbates (vitamin C)
	306–309	Tocopherol (vitamin E)
	310–319	gallates and erythorbates
	320–329	lactates
	330–337	citrates and tartrates
	338–343	phosphates
	344–345	citrates
	349–359	malates and adipates
	360–369	succinates and fumarates
	370–399	others
400–499 (full list) Thickeners, stabilisers and emulsifiers	400–409	alginates
	410–419	natural gums
	420–429	other natural agents
	430–439	polyoxyethene compounds
	440–449	natural emulsifiers
	450–459	phosphates
	460–469	cellulose compounds
	470–489	fatty acids and compounds
	490–499	others
500–599 (full list) pH regulators and anti-caking agents	500–509	mineral acids and bases
	510–519	chlorides and sulfates
	520–529	sulfates and hydroxides
	530–549	alkali metal compounds
	550–559	silicates
	570–579	stearates and gluconates
	580–599	others
600–699 (full list) Flavour enhancers	620–629	glutamates and guanylates
	630–639	inosinates
	640–649	others
700–799 (full list) Antibiotics	700–713
900–999 (full list) Glazing agents, gases and sweeteners	900–909	waxes
	910–919	synthetic glazes
	920–929	improving agents
	930–949	packaging gases
	950–969	sweeteners
	990–999	foaming agents
1000–1599 (full list) Additional additives	1100–1599	New chemicals that do not fall into standard classification schemes

Not all examples of a class fall into the given numeric range; moreover, certain chemicals (particularly in the E400–499 range) have a variety of purposes.

Full list

The list shows all components that have an E-number assigned, even those no longer allowed in the EU.

E100–E199 (colours)

Code	Name(s)	Colour	Status
E100	Curcumin (from turmeric)	Yellow-orange	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E101	Riboflavin (Vitamin B₂), formerly called lactoflavin (i) Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate	Yellow-orange	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E102	Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5)	Yellow	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.Products in the EU and UK require warnings and its use is being phased out.
E103	Alkannin	Red-brown	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E104	Quinoline Yellow WS	Dull or greenish yellow	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Products in the EU and UK require warnings and its use is being phased out. Not approved in the US.
E105	Fast Yellow AB	Yellow	Forbidden in the EU, UK and US.
E106	Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate	Yellow	Closely related to E101a, no individual record.
E107	Yellow 2G	Yellow	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E110	Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow 6)	Yellow-orange	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Banned in Norway. Products in the EU and UK require warnings and its use is being phased out. Approved in the US.
E111	Orange GGN	Orange	Forbidden in EU, UK and US.
E120	Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmine (Natural Red 4)	Crimson	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E121	Citrus Red 2	Orange to pink	Approved in the United States only for use in colouring the skin of oranges. Not approved in the EU and UK.
E122	Carmoisine (azorubine)	Red to maroon	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Products in the EU and UK require warnings and its use is being phased out. Currently banned in Canada, Japan, Norway, USA ^{[citation needed]}
E123	Amaranth (FD&C Red 2)	Red	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Banned in the United States.
E124	Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 4R)	Pink	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Products in the EU and UK require warnings and its use is being phased out. Not approved in the US.
E125	Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN	Red	Only permitted for externally applied drugs and cosmetics in the US. Not approved in the EU and UK.
E126	Ponceau 6R	Red	Not approved in the EU and UK.
E127	Erythrosine (FD&C Red 3)	Pink	Approved in the UK. Approved in the EU for cocktail, candied and bigareaux cherries only. Banned in the US.
E128	Red 2G	Red or pink	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E129	Allura Red AC (FD&C Red 40)	Red	Approved in the EU with conditions, but banned by individual EU member states: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, and Sweden. Also banned by non-EU countries Norway and Switzerland. Approved in the UK. Products in the EU and UK require warnings and its use is being phased out. Approved in the US.
E130	Indanthrene blue RS	Blue	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E131	Patent Blue V	Sky blue	Approved in the EU for preserves of red fruit only. Approved in the UK. Banned in the US and Australia.^{[citation needed]}
E132	Indigo carmine (indigotine, FD&C Blue 2)	Indigo	Approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E133	Brilliant blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1)	Blue	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E140	Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins	Green	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E141	Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins	Green	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US for citrus-based dry beverage mixes.
E142	Green S	Green	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E143	Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green 3)	Turquoise	Approved in the US. Not approved in the EU and UK.
E150a	Plain caramel	Brown	Approved in the EU with only in seaweed based fish roe analogues and only E150a made from honey for a specific type of mead. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E150b	Caustic sulfite caramel	Brown	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E150c	Ammonia caramel	Brown	Approved in the EU only for breakfast cereals and beer and malt beverages with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E150d	Sulfite ammonia caramel	Brown	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E151	Black PN, Brilliant Black BN	Black	Approved in the EU only in processed seafood with conditions. Approved in the UK. Banned in the US.
E152	Carbon black (hydrocarbon)	Black	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E153	Vegetable carbon	Black	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Banned in the US.
E154	Brown FK (kipper brown)	Brown	Previously approved in the EU for dyeing kippers only: approval withdrawn November 2011. Not approved in the UK or US.
E155	Brown HT (chocolate brown HT)	Brown	Approved in the EU in precooked crustacean and in fresh meat only for the purpose of health marking. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E160a	Alpha-carotene, Beta-carotene, Gamma-carotene	Yellow-orange to brown	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Only beta-carotene is approved in the US
E160b	(i) Annatto, bixin (ii) Annatto norbixin	Orange	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E160c	Paprika extract, capsanthin, capsorubin	Red	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E160d	Lycopene	Bright to deep red	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US.
E160e	Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30)	Orange-red to yellow	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E160f	Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (C 30)	Orange-red to yellow	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E161a	Flavoxanthin	Golden-yellow and brownish	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E161b	Lutein	Orange-red to yellow	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US for chicken feed only.
E161c	Cryptoxanthin	Orange-red	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E161d	Rubixanthin	Orange-red	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E161e	Violaxanthin	Orange	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E161f	Rhodoxanthin	Purple	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E161g	Canthaxanthin	Violet	Approved in the EU for medicinal products only. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E161h	Zeaxanthin	Orange-red	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E161i	Citranaxanthin	Deep violet	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E161j	Astaxanthin	Red	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US for salmonid fish feed only.
E162	Beetroot Red, Betanin	Red	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E163	Anthocyanins	pH dependent (Red, green and purple ranges)	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Grape extract anthocyanin is approved in the US for beverages only.
E164	Saffron	Orange-red^[colour?]	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E170	Calcium carbonate, Chalk	White	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US for dietary supplements, candies and chewing gum only.
E171	Titanium dioxide	White	No longer approved in the EU as of June 2022 for food products, due to the identification of potential carcinogenic effects. Approved in the EU for medicinal products only. Approved in the UK, except Northern Ireland. Approved in the US for specific foods.
E172	Iron oxides and iron hydroxides	Brown	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US for sausage casings, dietary supplements, candies and chewing gum.
E173	Aluminium	Silver to grey	Approved in the EU only for external coatings of sugar confectionary. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E174	Silver	Silver	Approved in the EU only for external coatings of confectionary, decoration ofchocolates and liqueurs. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E175	Gold	Gold	Approved in the EU only for external coatings of confectionary, decoration ofchocolates and liqueurs. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E180	Pigment Rubine, Lithol Rubine BK	Red	Approved in the EU only in edible cheese rind with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E181	Tannin	Brown	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E182	Orcein, Orchil	Purple	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.

E200–E299 (preservatives)

Code	Name(s)	Purpose	Status
E200	Sorbic acid	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US.
E201	Sodium sorbate	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US for food packaging as an antimicrobial agent.
E202	Potassium sorbate	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US.
E203	Calcium sorbate	preservative	Not aproved in the EU and UK from 2018. Approved in the US.
E209	Heptylparaben (Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate)	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US for certain beverages.
E210	Benzoic acid	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US.
E211	Sodium benzoate	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US.
E212	Potassium benzoate	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US for food packaging as an antimicrobial agent.
E213	Calcium benzoate	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US for food packaging as an antimicrobial agent.
E214	Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate)	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US.
E215	Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E216	Propylparaben (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate)	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E217	Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate	preservative	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E218	Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate)	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK.Approved in the US.
E219	Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E220	Sulfur dioxide	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US except in meats, fresh fruit and vegetables or food sources of vitamin B1.
E221	Sodium sulfite	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US except in meats, fresh fruit and vegetables or food sources of vitamin B1.
E222	Sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogen sulfite)	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US except in meats, fresh fruit and vegetables or food sources of vitamin B1.
E223	Sodium metabisulfite	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US except in meats, fresh fruit and vegetables or food sources of vitamin B1.
E224	Potassium metabisulfite	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US except in meats, fresh fruit and vegetables or food sources of vitamin B1.
E225	Potassium sulfite	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E226	Calcium sulfite	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E227	Calcium bisufite (calcium hydrogen sulfite)	firming agent	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E228	Potassium bisuflite (potassium hydrogen sulfite)	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US except in meats, fresh fruit and vegetables or food sources of vitamin B1.
E230	Biphenyl, diphenyl	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US in food packaging as an antimicrobial agent.
E231	Orthophenyl phenol	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US in food packaging and food contact products as an antimicrobial agent.
E232	Sodium orthophenyl phenol	preservative	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E233	Thiabendazole	preservative	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E234	Nisin	preservative	Approved in the EU in certain cheese, egg and dessert products. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in cheese products.
E235	Natamycin, Pimaracin	preservative	Approved in the EU in cheese and dried cured sausages. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in cheese products.
E236	Formic acid	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E237	Sodium formate	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US in food packaging as a processing aid.
E238	Calcium formate	preservative	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E239	Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine)	preservative	Approved in the EU only in Provolone cheese. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E240	Formaldehyde	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US in food packaging and food contact products as fumigant.
E242	Dimethyl dicarbonate	preservative	Approved in the EU in some alcoholic beverages and flavoured drinks. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in certain beverages as an antimicrobial agent.
E243	Ethyl lauroyl arginate	preservative	Approved in the EU in certain heat-treated meat products. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E246	Glycolipids	preservative	Approved in the EU in some alcoholic beverages and flavoured drinks. Not approved in the UK. Approved in the US in certain beverages as an antimicrobial agent.
E249	Potassium nitrite	preservative	Approved in the EU in certain meat products. In April 2023 the French Court of Appeals of Limoges confirmed that food-watch NGO Yuka was legally legitimate in describing Potassium Nitrite "and other nitrates" E249 to E252 as a "cancer risk", and thus rejected an appeal by the French charcuterie industry against the organisation.Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in certain meat products.
E250	Sodium nitrite	preservative	Approved in the EU in certain meat products. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in certain meat products.
E251	Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpetre)	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in certain meat products.
E252	Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre)	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in certain meat products.
E260	Acetic acid (preservative)	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E261	Potassium acetates (preservative)	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E262	Sodium acetates (i) Sodium acetate (ii) Sodium diacetate (sodium hydrogen acetate)	preservative, acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E263	Calcium acetate (preservative)	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E264	Ammonium acetate	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Listed as a food additive in the US but not approved. Approved in Australia and New Zealand
E265	Dehydroacetic acid	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US for cut or peeled squash only.
E266	Sodium dehydroacetate	preservative	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US for cut or peeled squash only.
E267	Buffered vinegar	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Not approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E270	Lactic acid (preservative)	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E280	Propionic acid	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E281	Sodium propionate	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E282	Calcium propionate	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E283	Potassium propionate	preservative	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E284	Boric acid	preservative	Approved in the EU only in Sturgeons' eggs (caviar). Approved in the UK. Approved in the US for food packaging.
E285	Sodium tetraborate (borax)	preservative	Approved in the EU only in Sturgeons' eggs (caviar). Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E290	Carbon dioxide	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E296	Malic acid (acid)	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E297	Fumaric acid	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.

E300–E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)

Code	Name(s)	Purpose	Status
E300	Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E301	Sodium ascorbate	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E302	Calcium ascorbate	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E303	Potassium ascorbate	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E304	(i) Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (ii) L-Ascorbyl palmitate	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E305	Ascorbyl stearate	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E306	Tocopherol-rich extracts (Vitamin E, natural)	antioxidant	Approved in the EU for certain fats and oils, and foods for infants/young children. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E307	Alpha-Tocopherol (synthetic)	antioxidant	Approved in the EU for certain fats and oils, and foods for infants/young children. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US for inhibition of nitrosamine formation and in pump-cured bacon.
E308	Gamma-Tocopherol (synthetic)	antioxidant	Approved in the EU for certain fats and oils, and foods for infants/young children. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US for inhibition of nitrosamine formation and in pump-cured bacon.
E309	Delta-Tocopherol (synthetic)	antioxidant	Approved in the EU for certain fats and oils, and foods for infants/young children. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US for inhibition of nitrosamine formation and in pump-cured bacon.
E310	Propyl gallate	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E311	Octyl gallate	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU (removed in 2018) and UK. Approved in the US.
E312	Dodecyl gallate	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU (removed in 2018) and UK. Approved in the US.
E313	Ethyl gallate	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E314	Guaiac resin	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E315	Erythorbic acid	antioxidant	Approved in the EU in certain fish and meat products. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E316	Sodium erythorbate	antioxidant	Approved in the EU in certain fish and meat products. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E317	Erythorbin acid^{[citation needed]}	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E318	Calcium erythorbin^{[citation needed]}	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E319	tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E320	Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditons.
E321	Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E322	Lecithin	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E323	Anoxomer	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E324	Ethoxyquin	antioxidant	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US for chili powder, paprika and in animal feed with conditions.
E325	Sodium lactate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E326	Potassium lactate (antioxidant)	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E327	Calcium lactate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E328	Ammonium lactate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E329	Magnesium lactate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E330	Citric acid	acid, acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E331	Sodium citrates (i) Monosodium citrate (ii) Disodium citrate (iii) Sodium citrate (trisodium citrate)	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E332	Potassium citrates (i) Monopotassium citrate (ii) Potassium citrate (tripotassium citrate)	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E333	Calcium citrates (i) Monocalcium citrate (ii) Dicalcium citrate (iii) Calcium citrate (tricalcium citrate)	acidity regulator, firming agent, sequestrant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E334	Tartaric acid (L(+)-)	(acid)	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E335	Sodium tartrates (i) Monosodium tartrate (ii) Disodium tartrate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU for canned fruit/vegetables, biscuits, rusks and baby foods. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E336	Potassium tartrates (i) Monopotassium tartrate (cream of tartar) (ii) Dipotassium tartrate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU for sweeteners, canned fruit/vegetables, biscuits, rusks and baby foods. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E337	Sodium potassium tartrate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU canned fruit/vegetables only. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US for jams and cheese.
E338	Phosphoric acid	acid	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E339	Sodium phosphates (i) Monosodium phosphate (ii) Disodium phosphate (iii) Trisodium phosphate	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E340	Potassium phosphates (i) Monopotassium phosphate (ii) Dipotassium phosphate (iii) Tripotassium phosphate	antioxidant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E341	Calcium phosphates (i) Monocalcium phosphate (ii) Dicalcium phosphate (iii) Tricalcium phosphate	anti-caking agent, firming agent	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E342	Ammonium phosphates: (i) monoammonium phosphate (ii) diammonium phosphate		Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E343	Magnesium phosphates (i) monomagnesium phosphate (ii) Dimagnesium phosphate	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US. This additive is under discussion and may be included in a future amendment to the Directive on miscellaneous additives.
E344	Lecithin citrate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E345	Magnesium citrate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E349	Ammonium malate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E350	Sodium malates (i) Sodium malate (ii) Sodium hydrogen malate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU for jams and jellies only. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E351	Potassium malate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU and UK. Not approved in the US.
E352	Calcium malates (i) Calcium malate (ii) Calcium hydrogen malate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU and UK. Not approved in the US.
E353	Metatartaric acid	emulsifier	Approved in the EU for certain wines only. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E354	Calcium tartrate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E355	Adipic acid	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E356	Sodium adipate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E357	Potassium adipate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E359	Ammonium adipate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E363	Succinic acid	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in condiments, relishes and meat products.
E365	Monosodium fumarate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E366	Potassium fumarate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E367	Calcium fumarate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E368	Ammonium fumarate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E370	1,4-Heptonolactone	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E375	Niacin	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E380	Triammonium citrate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU in edible caseinates. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in condiments, relishes and meat products.
E381	Ammonium ferric citrate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E383	Calcium glycerylphosphate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US as a nutrient supplement or in gelatins, puddings, and fillings.
E384	Isopropyl citrate	acidity regulator	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US in fats, oils, margarine and non-alcoholic beverages.
E385	Calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, (Calcium disodium EDTA)	sequestrant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E386	Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (Disodium EDTA)	sequestrant	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E387	Oxystearin	stabiliser	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US in vegetable oils.
E388	Thiodipropionic acid [fr]		Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E389	Dilauryl thiodipropionate		Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E390	Distearyl thiodipropionate		Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E391	Phytic acid		Not approved in the EU, UK or US.
E392	Extracts of rosemary (Carnosic acid)		Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E399	Calcium lactobionate	Firming agent	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US in dry pudding mixes.

E400–E499 (thickeners, stabilisers, emulsifiers)

Code	Name(s)	Purpose	Status
E400	Alginic acid (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU for jams/jellies, desserts and puddings. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US in soups and soup mixes.
E401	Sodium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E402	Potassium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E403	Ammonium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E404	Calcium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU for jams/jellies, meat preparations, desserts and puddings. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E405	Propane-1,2-diol alginate (Propylene glycol alginate) (thickener) (stabiliser)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E406	Agar (thickener) (gelling agent)	stabiliser	Approved in the EU for jams/jellies, tablets and fermented creams. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E407	Carrageenan (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E407a	Processed eucheuma seaweed (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU for meat preparations only. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E408	Baker's yeast glycan	emulsifier	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US in salad dressing, frozen yogurt, sour cream, cheese spread and their analogs.
E409	Arabinogalactan		Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E410	Locust bean gum (Carob gum) (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E411	Oat gum (thickener)	stabiliser	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E412	Guar gum (thickener)	stabiliser	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E413	Tragacanth (thickener) (stabiliser)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU in sweeteners and meat preparations. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E414	Acacia gum (gum arabic) (thickener) (stabiliser)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E415	Xanthan gum (thickener)	stabiliser	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E416	Karaya gum (thickener) (stabiliser)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E417	Tara gum (thickener)	stabiliser	Approved in the EU and UK. Not approved in the US.
E418	Gellan gum (thickener) (stabiliser)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU in jams, jellies and sweeteners. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E419	Gum ghatti (thickener) (stabiliser)	emulsifier	Not approved in the EU and UK. Approved in the US.
E420	Sorbitol (i) Sorbitol (ii) Sorbitol syrup (emulsifier) (sweetener)	humectant	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E421	Mannitol (anti-caking agent)	sweetener	Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US with conditions.
E422	Glycerol (emulsifier)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU in sweeteners and cocoa products. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E423	Octenyl succinic acid modified gum arabic	emulsifier	Approved in the EU in icing, sauces and certain flavoured drinks. Approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E424	Curdlan	gelling agent	Approved in the EU with conditions. Not approved in the UK. Approved in the US.
E425	Konjac (i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac glucomannane	emulsifier	Approved in the EU with conditions. Not approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E426	Soybean hemicellulose		Approved in the EU in jelly, frozen egg products and liquid food supplements. Not approved in the UK. Soybean is approved in the US - hemicellulose does not have a specific record in the FDA database.
E427	Cassia gum		Approved in the EU with conditions. Approved in the UK. Not approved in the US.
E428	Gelatin		Not listed in the UK and EU as it is not considered an additive. Approved in the US.
E429	Peptones
E430	Polyoxyethene (8) stearate (emulsifier)	stabiliser
E431	Polyoxyethene (40) stearate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E432	Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E433	Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E434	Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate (polysorbate 40)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E435	Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E436	Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan tristearate (polysorbate 65)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E440	Pectins (i) pectin (ii) amidated pectin	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E441	Gelatine (emulsifier)	gelling agent
E442	Ammonium phosphatides	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E443	Brominated vegetable oil	emulsifier
E444	Sucrose acetate isobutyrate	emulsifier
E445	Glycerol esters of wood rosins	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E446	Succistearin
E450	Diphosphates: (i) Disodium diphosphate (ii) Trisodium diphosphate (iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate (iv) Dipotassium diphosphate (v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate (vi) Dicalcium diphosphate (vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E451	Triphosphates: (i) Sodium triphosphate (pentasodium triphosphate) (ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E452	Polyphosphates: (i) Sodium polyphosphates (ii) Potassium polyphosphates (iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate (iv) Calcium polyphosphates (v) Ammonium polyphosphate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E459	Beta-cyclodextrin	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E460	Cellulose (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (ii) Powdered cellulose	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E461	Methyl cellulose	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E462	Ethyl cellulose	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E463	Hydroxypropyl cellulose	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E464	Hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E465	Ethyl methyl cellulose	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E466	Carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E467	Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
E468	Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Croscarmellose)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU. This additive is under discussion and may be included in a future amendment to the Directive on miscellaneous additives
E469	Enzymically hydrolysed carboxymethylcellulose	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E470a	Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier)	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E470b	Magnesium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier)	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E471	Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate)	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E472a	Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E472b	Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E472c	Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E472d	Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E472e	Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E472f	Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E472g	Succinylated monoglycerides	emulsifier
E473	Sucrose esters of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E474	Sucroglycerides	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E475	Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E476	Polyglycerol polyricinoleate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E477	Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E478	Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1	emulsifier
E479b	Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E480	Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate	emulsifier
E481	Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E482	Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E483	Stearyl tartrate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E484	Stearyl citrate	emulsifier
E485	Sodium stearoyl fumarate	emulsifier
E486	Calcium stearoyl fumarate	emulsifier
E487	Sodium laurylsulfate	emulsifier
E488	Ethoxylated mono- and diglycerides (polyglycerate 60)	emulsifier
E489	Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester	emulsifier
E490	Propane-1,2-diol
E491	Sorbitan monostearate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E492	Sorbitan tristearate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E493	Sorbitan monolaurate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E494	Sorbitan monooleate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E495	Sorbitan monopalmitate	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E496	Sorbitan trioleate	emulsifier
E497	Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polymers
E498	Partial polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil
E499	Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols		Approved in the EU.

E500–E599 (acidity regulators, anti-caking agents)

Code	Name(s)	Purpose	Status
E500	Sodium carbonates: (i) Sodium carbonate (ii) Sodium bicarbonate (Sodium hydrogen carbonate) (iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate (acidity regulator)	raising agent	Approved in the EU.
E501	Potassium carbonates: (i) Potassium carbonate (ii) Potassium bicarbonate (Potassium hydrogen carbonate)	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E503	Ammonium carbonates: (i) Ammonium carbonate (ii) Ammonium bicarbonate (Ammonium hydrogen carbonate)	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E504	Magnesium carbonates: (i) Magnesium carbonate (ii) Magnesium bicarbonate Magnesium hydrogen carbonate	acidity regulator, anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E505	Ferrous carbonate	acidity regulator
E507	Hydrochloric acid	acid	Approved in the EU.
E508	Potassium chloride (gelling agent)	seasoning	Approved in the EU.
E509	Calcium chloride (sequestrant)	firming agent	Approved in the EU.
E510	Ammonium chloride, ammonia solution (acidity regulator)	improving agent
E511	Magnesium chloride	firming agent	Approved in the EU.
E512	Stannous chloride	antioxidant	Approved in the EU.
E513	Sulfuric acid	acid	Approved in the EU.
E514	Sodium sulfates (i) Sodium sulfate (ii) sodium bisulfate	acid	Approved in the EU.
E515	Potassium sulfates (i) potassium sulfate (ii) potassium bisulfate		Approved in the EU.
E516	Calcium sulfate		Approved in the EU.
E517	Ammonium sulfate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E518	Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), (acidity regulator)	firming agent
E519	Copper(II) sulfate	preservative
E520	Aluminium sulfate	firming agent	Approved in the EU.
E521	Aluminium sodium sulfate	firming agent	Approved in the EU.
E522	Aluminium potassium sulfate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E523	Aluminium ammonium sulfate	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E524	Sodium hydroxide	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E525	Potassium hydroxide	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E526	Calcium hydroxide (acidity regulator)	firming agent	Approved in the EU.
E527	Ammonium hydroxide	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E528	Magnesium hydroxide	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E529	Calcium oxide (acidity regulator)	improving agent	Approved in the EU.
E530	Magnesium oxide (acidity regulator)	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E535	Sodium ferrocyanide (acidity regulator)	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E536	Potassium ferrocyanide	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E537	Ferrous hexacyanomanganate	anti-caking agent
E538	Calcium ferrocyanide	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E539	Sodium thiosulfate	antioxidant
E540	Dicalcium diphosphate^{[citation needed]} (acidity regulator)	emulsifier
E541	Sodium aluminium phosphate (i) Acidic (ii) Basic	emulsifier	Approved in the EU.
E542	Bone phosphate (Essentiale Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic)	anti-caking agent
E543	Calcium sodium polyphosphate	emulsifier
E544	Calcium polyphosphate	emulsifier
E545	Ammonium polyphosphate	emulsifier
E550	Sodium Silicates (i) Sodium silicate (ii) Sodium metasilicate	anti-caking agent
E551	Silicon dioxide (Silica)	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E552	Calcium silicate	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E553a	(i) Magnesium silicate (ii) Magnesium trisilicate	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E553b	Talc	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E554	Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate)	anti-caking agent	removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E555	Potassium aluminium silicate (potassium aluminosilicate)	anti-caking agent	removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E556	Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate)	anti-caking agent	removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E557	Zinc silicate	anti-caking agent	removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E558	Bentonite	anti-caking agent	removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E559	Aluminium silicate (Kaolin)	anti-caking agent	removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E560	Potassium silicate	anti-caking agent
E561	Vermiculite
E562	Sepiolite
E563	Sepiolitic clay
E565	Lignosulfonates
E566	Natrolite-phonolite
E570	Fatty acids	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E572	Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate (emulsifier)	anti-caking agent
E574	Gluconic acid	acidity regulator	Approved in the EU.
E575	Glucono delta-lactone (acidity regulator)	sequestrant	Approved in the EU.
E576	Sodium gluconate	sequestrant	Approved in the EU.
E577	Potassium gluconate	sequestrant	Approved in the EU.
E578	Calcium gluconate	firming agent	Approved in the EU.
E579	Ferrous gluconate	food colouring	Approved in the EU.
E580	Magnesium gluconate
E585	Ferrous lactate	food colouring	Approved in the EU.
E586	4-Hexylresorcinol	antioxidant	Approved in the EU.
E598	Synthetic calcium aluminates
E599	Perlite

E600–E699 (flavour enhancers)

Code	Name(s)	Purpose	Status
E620	Glutamic acid	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E621	Monosodium glutamate (MSG)	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E622	Monopotassium glutamate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E623	Calcium diglutamate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E624	Monoammonium glutamate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E625	Magnesium diglutamate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E626	Guanylic acid	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E627	Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E628	Dipotassium guanylate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E629	Calcium guanylate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E630	Inosinic acid	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E631	Disodium inosinate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E632	Dipotassium inosinate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E633	Calcium inosinate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E634	Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E635	Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E636	Maltol	flavour enhancer
E637	Ethyl maltol	flavour enhancer
E640	Glycine and its sodium salt	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E650	Zinc acetate	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.

E700–E799 (antibiotics)

Code	Name(s)	Purpose
E701	Tetracyclines	antibiotic
E702	Chlortetracycline	antibiotic
E703	Oxytetracycline	antibiotic
E704	Oleandomycin	antibiotic
E705	Penicillin G potassium	antibiotic
E706	Penicillin G sodium	antibiotic
E707	Penicillin G procaine	antibiotic
E708	Penicillin G benzathine	antibiotic
E710	Spiramycins	antibiotic
E711	Virginiamycins	antibiotic
E712	Flavomycin	antibiotic
E713	Tylosin	antibiotic
E714	Monensin A	antibiotic
E715	Avoparcin	antibiotic
E716	Salinomycin	antibiotic
E717	Avilamycin	antibiotic

E900–E999 (glazing agents, gases and sweeteners)

Code	Name(s)	Purpose	Status
E900	Dimethyl polysiloxane (anti-foaming agent)	anti-caking agent	Approved in the EU.
E901	Beeswax, white and yellow	glazing agent	Approved in the EU.
E902	Candelilla wax	glazing agent	Approved in the EU.
E903	Carnauba wax	glazing agent	Approved in the EU.
E904	Shellac	glazing agent	Approved in the EU.
E905	Paraffins		Approved in the EU.
E905a	Mineral oil	anti-foaming agent
E905b	Petrolatum
E905c	Petroleum wax (i)Microcrystalline wax (ii) Paraffin wax	glazing agent
E906	Gum benzoic	flavour enhancer
E907	Crystalline wax	glazing agent
E908	Rice bran wax	glazing agent
E909	Spermaceti wax	glazing agent
E910	Wax esters	glazing agent
E911	Methyl esters of fatty acids	glazing agent
E912	Montanic acid esters, Montan acid esters	glazing agent	Approved in the EU.
E913	Lanolin, sheep wool grease	glazing agent
E914	Oxidized polyethylene wax, oxidized polyethylene	glazing agent	Approved in the EU.
E915	Esters of colophony	glazing agent
E916	Calcium iodate
E917	Potassium iodate
E918	Nitrogen oxides
E919	Nitrosyl chloride
E920	L-cysteine	improving agent	Approved in the EU
E921	L-cystine	improving agent
E922	Potassium persulfate	improving agent
E923	Ammonium persulfate	improving agent
E924	Potassium bromate	improving agent	Banned in the EU; genotoxic carcinogen
E924b	Calcium bromate	improving agent
E925	Chlorine	preservative, bleach, improving agent
E926	Chlorine dioxide (preservative)	bleach
E927a	Azodicarbonamide	improving agent	identified as a Substance of Very High Concern in EU.
E927b	Carbamide (urea)	improving agent	Approved in the EU.
E928	Benzoyl peroxide (improving agent)	bleach
E929	Acetone peroxide
E930	Calcium peroxide (improving agent)	bleach
E938	Argon	packaging gas	Approved in the EU.
E939	Helium	packaging gas	Approved in the EU.
E940	Dichlorodifluoromethane	packaging gas	Banned in all countries, in compliance with the Montreal Protocol.
E941	Nitrogen (packaging gas)	propellant	Approved in the EU.
E942	Nitrous oxide	propellant	Approved in the EU.
E943a	Butane	propellant	Approved in the EU.
E943b	Isobutane	propellant	Approved in the EU.
E944	Propane	propellant	Approved in the EU.
E945	Chloropentafluoroethane	propellant	Banned in all countries, in compliance with the Montreal Protocol.
E946	Octafluorocyclobutane	propellant	Banned in all countries, in compliance with the Montreal Protocol.
E948	Oxygen	packaging gas	Approved in the EU.
E949	Hydrogen	packaging gas	Approved in the EU.
E950	Acesulfame potassium	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E951	Aspartame	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E952	Cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium salts, also known as Cyclamate	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E953	Isomalt, Isomaltitol	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E954	Saccharin and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E955	Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose)	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E956	Alitame	sweetener
E957	Thaumatin (sweetener)	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E958	Glycyrrhizin (sweetener)	flavour enhancer
E959	Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (sweetener)	flavour enhancer	Approved in the EU.
E960	Steviol glycosides	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E961	Neotame	sweetener	Approved in 2010
E962	Aspartame-acesulfame salt (sweetener)	stabiliser	Approved in the EU.
E964	Polyglycitol syrup	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E965	Maltitol (i) Maltitol (ii) Maltitol syrup (sweetener) (stabiliser)	humectant	Approved in the EU.
E966	Lactitol	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E967	Xylitol	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E968	Erythritol	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E969	Advantame	sweetener	Approved in the EU.
E999	Quillaia extract	foaming agent	Approved in the EU.

E1000–E1599 (additional additives)

Code	Name(s)	Purpose	Status
E1000	Cholic acid	emulsifier
E1001	Choline salts	emulsifier
E1100	Amylase	stabiliser, flavour enhancer
E1101	Proteases ((i)Protease, (ii)Papain, (iii)Bromelain, (iv)Ficin)	stabiliser, flavour enhancer
E1102	Glucose oxidase	antioxidant
E1103	Invertase	stabiliser	Approved in the EU.
E1104	Lipases
E1105	Lysozyme	preservative
E1200	Polydextrose	stabiliser, thickening agent, humectant, carrier	Approved in the EU.
E1201	Polyvinylpyrrolidone	stabiliser	Approved in the EU.
E1202	Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (carrier)	stabiliser	Approved in the EU.
E1203	Polyvinyl alcohol		Approved in 2010
E1204	Pullulan		Approved in the EU.
E1400	Dextrin (Dextrins, roasted starch white and yellow) (stabiliser)	thickening agent
E1401	Modified starch ((Acid-treated starch) stabiliser)	thickening agent
E1402	Alkaline modified starch (stabiliser)	thickening agent
E1403	Bleached starch (stabiliser)	thickening agent
E1404	Oxidized starch (emulsifier)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1405	Enzyme treated starch
E1410	Monostarch phosphate (stabiliser)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1411	Distarch glycerol (thickening agent)	emulsifier
E1412	Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetasphosphate; esterified with phosphorus oxychloride (stabiliser)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1413	Phosphated distarch phosphate (stabiliser)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1414	Acetylated distarch phosphate (emulsifier)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1420	Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride (stabiliser)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1421	Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate (stabiliser)	thickening agent
E1422	Acetylated distarch adipate (stabiliser)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1423	Acetylated distarch glycerol	thickening agent
E1430	Distarch glycerine (stabiliser)	thickening agent
E1440	Hydroxy propyl starch (emulsifier)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1441	Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine (stabiliser)	thickening agent
E1442	Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate (stabiliser)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1443	Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol
E1450	Starch sodium octenyl succinate (emulsifier) (stabiliser)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1451	Acetylated oxidised starch (emulsifier)	thickening agent	Approved in the EU.
E1452	Starch aluminium octenyl succinate		Approved in the EU.
E1501	Benzylated hydrocarbons
E1502	Butane-1, 3-diol
E1503	Castor oil	resolving agent
E1504	Ethyl acetate	flavour solvent
E1505	Triethyl citrate	foam stabiliser	Approved in the EU.
E1510	Ethanol
E1516	Glyceryl monoacetate	flavour solvent
E1517	Glyceryl diacetate or diacetin	flavour solvent
E1518	Glyceryl triacetate or triacetin	humectant and flavour solvent	Approved in the EU.
E1519	Benzyl alcohol
E1520	Propylene glycol	humectant and flavour solvent	Approved in the EU.
E1521	Polyethylene glycol 8000		Approved in 2010
E1525	Hydroxyethyl cellulose	thickening agent

References

↑ "Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives". EUR-Lex: Access to European Union law. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
↑ Matthew Snelson. "Explainer: what are E numbers and should you avoid them in your diet?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
↑ "Frequently Asked Questions | Why Food Additives". Food Additives and Ingredients Association UK & Ireland- Making life taste better. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
↑ David Jukes. "Food Additives in the European Union". Foodlaw-Reading | The University of Reading, UK. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019.
↑ Codex Alimentarius. "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives (Ref: CAC/GL #36 publ. 1989, revised 2009, amended 2011)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
↑ Food Standards Australia New Zealand Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, website
↑ "Centre for Food Safety". www.cfs.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
↑ "Ban on the antibiotic "Avoparcin" in animal feed". European Commission. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
↑ Flammiger, A; Maibach, H (2006). "Sulfuric acid burns (corrosion and acute irritation): evidence-based overview to management". PubMed Cutaneous and ocular toxicology. 25, 1. doi:10.1080/15569520500536634.
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↑ 21 CFR 81.10
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↑ "21 CFR 73.35 -- Astaxanthin". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ "21 CFR 73.170 -- Grape skin extract (enocianina)". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ "21 CFR 73.70 -- Calcium carbonate". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/63 of 14 January 2022 amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171)". European Commission. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
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1 2 3 "21 CFR 182.3739 -- Sodium bisulfite". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ "21 CFR 184.1230 -- Calcium sulfate". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ "21 CFR 182.3616 -- Potassium bisulfite". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
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1 2 "21 CFR 172.133 -- Dimethyl dicarbonate". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ Rabino, Thomas (13 April 2023). "Nitrites et jambons "cancérogènes": nouvelle victoire en appel de Yuka contre un industriel de la charcuterie" [Nitrites and "carcinogenic" hams: Yuka's new appeal victory against a charcuterie manufacturer]. Marianne.
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1 2 3 "21 CFR 184.1890 -- α-Tocopherols". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ "21 CFR 172.140 -- Ethoxyquin". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 November 2026.
↑ "Approved additives and E numbers". GOV.UK. Retrieved 7 November 2026.
↑ "Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS)". www.hfpappexternal.fda.gov. Retrieved 7 November 2026.
1 2 "21 CFR 184.1091 -- Succinic acid". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
↑ "21 CFR 184.1201 -- Calcium glycerophosphate". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
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↑ "21 CFR 180.25 -- Mannitol". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
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External links

CODEXALIMENTARIUS FAO-WHO, the international foods standards, established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1963
- See also their document "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives" (Ref: CAC/GL #36 publ. in 1989, Revised in 2008, Amended in 2018, 2019, 2021)
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) publications at the World Health Organization (WHO)
Food Additive Index, JECFA, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
E-codes and ingredients search engine with details/suggestions for Muslims Archived 10 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Databases of EU-approved food additives and flavoring substances
Food Additives in the European Union Archived 24 December 2002 at the Wayback Machine
The Food Additives and Ingredients Association, FAIA website, UK.

[1333/2008-1] "Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives". EUR-Lex: Access to European Union law. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.

[2] Matthew Snelson. "Explainer: what are E numbers and should you avoid them in your diet?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2017.

[3] "Frequently Asked Questions | Why Food Additives". Food Additives and Ingredients Association UK & Ireland- Making life taste better. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2010.

[4] David Jukes. "Food Additives in the European Union". Foodlaw-Reading | The University of Reading, UK. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019.

[ncsi-5] Codex Alimentarius. "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives (Ref: CAC/GL #36 publ. 1989, revised 2009, amended 2011)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2011.

[6] Food Standards Australia New Zealand Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, website

[7] "Centre for Food Safety". www.cfs.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

[European_Commission-8] "Ban on the antibiotic "Avoparcin" in animal feed". European Commission. Retrieved 1 June 2025.

[9] Flammiger, A; Maibach, H (2006). "Sulfuric acid burns (corrosion and acute irritation): evidence-based overview to management". PubMed Cutaneous and ocular toxicology. 25, 1. doi:10.1080/15569520500536634.

[ec.europa.eu-1-10] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 November 2026.

[GOV.UK-1-11] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 "Approved additives and E numbers". GOV.UK. Retrieved 7 November 2026.

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[1129/2011-13] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Regulations: COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1129/2011". European Commission. 11 November 2011. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2025.

[14] Additives Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Australia New Zealand

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[16] "E103 – Alkanet | proE.info". proe.info. Retrieved 7 November 2026.

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[afdo.org-1-18] 1 2 3 https://www.afdo.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Issues_and_Concerns_with_Imported_Foods_acc_updated_2019.pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A148%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22Fit%22%7D%5D. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

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[22] 21 CFR 74.302

[time-23] "Death of a Dye". Time. 2 February 1976. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.

[24] 21 CFR 81.10

[25] 21 CFR 81.30

[26] 21 CFR 82.304

[27] "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 November 2026.

[FDA_Red_3-28] Program, Human Foods (15 January 2025). "FDA to Revoke Authorization for the Use of Red No. 3 in Food and Ingested Drugs". FDA. Archived from the original on 15 January 2025. Retrieved 16 January 2025.

[29] Pereira, Hélder; Deuchande, Teresa; Fundo, Joana F.; Leal, Tânia; Pintado, Manuela E.; Amaro, Ana L. (1 January 2024). "Painting the picture of food colouring agents: Near-ubiquitous molecules of everyday life – A review". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 143 104249. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2023.104249. ISSN 0924-2244.

[30] "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 November 2026.

[31] "Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS)". www.hfpappexternal.fda.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

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[37] "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 November 2026.

[38] "21 CFR 73.35 -- Astaxanthin". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[39] "21 CFR 73.170 -- Grape skin extract (enocianina)". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[40] "21 CFR 73.70 -- Calcium carbonate". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[41] "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/63 of 14 January 2022 amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171)". European Commission. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.

[42] Daniel Boffey (6 May 2021). "E171: EU watchdog says food colouring widely used in UK is unsafe; European Commission to propose ban after finding that carcinogenic effects cannot be ruled out". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.

[43] "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 November 2026.

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[46] "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 November 2026.

[47] "Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS)". www.hfpappexternal.fda.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[48] "21 CFR 172.145 -- Heptylparaben". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[ec.europa.eu-2-49] 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[50] "21 CFR 182.3862 -- Sulfur dioxide". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[51] "21 CFR 182.3798 -- Sodium sulfite". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[www.ecfr.gov-1-52] 1 2 3 "21 CFR 182.3739 -- Sodium bisulfite". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[53] "21 CFR 184.1230 -- Calcium sulfate". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[54] "21 CFR 182.3616 -- Potassium bisulfite". www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

[55] "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 November 2026.

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Intestinal parasites, parasitic disease	Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxocariasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis
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Food processing	4-Hydroxynonenal Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein Acrylamide Food additives Food irradiation Heterocyclic amines Modified starch Nitrosamines Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Shortening Trans fat Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Water fluoridation controversy
Food contamination incidents	Devon colic Swill milk scandal Esing Bakery incident 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster [ar] 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal United Kingdom BSE outbreak Australian meat substitution scandal Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning 2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat 2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 2018 Australian strawberry contamination 2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal Food safety incidents in China Food safety incidents in Taiwan Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States
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