Nickel

Nickel, ₂₈Ni

Nickel
Appearance	Lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ni)
	58.6934(4)
Nickel in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ Ni ↓ Pd cobalt ← nickel → copper
Atomic number (Z)	28
Group	group 10
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d8 4s2 or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1728 K ​(1455 °C, ​2651 °F)
Boiling point	3003 K ​(2730 °C, ​4946 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	8.908 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	7.81 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	17.48 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	379 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.07 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1783 1950 2154 2410 2741 3184
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.91
Ionization energies	1st: 737.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1753.0 kJ/mol 3rd: 3395 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 124 pm
Covalent radius	124±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	163 pm
Spectral lines of nickel
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound thin rod	4900 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	13.4 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	90.9 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	69.3 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic
Young's modulus	200 GPa
Shear modulus	76 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	4.0
Vickers hardness	638 MPa
Brinell hardness	667–1600 MPa
CAS Number	7440-02-0
History
Discovery and first isolation	Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1751)
Isotopes of nickel v e
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 58Ni 68.1% stable 59Ni trace 7.6×104 y ε 59Co 60Ni 26.2% stable 61Ni 1.14% stable 62Ni 3.63% stable 63Ni synth 100 y β− 63Cu 64Ni 0.926% stable
Category: Nickel view talk edit | references

Nickel (chemical symbol Ni) is an element. It has an atomic number of 28 and an atomic mass of about 58.69amu. It has 28 protons. It is a transition metal.

Properties

Chemical compounds

Nickel is found in two oxidation states: +2, nickel(II); and +3, nickel(III). Nickel(II) is more common. Nickel in its +2 oxidation state is green. Nickel(II) chloride is a common +2 oxidation state compound. Nickel(II) oxide is normally dark green, but sometimes it is gray. This is because some of the nickel is in the +3 oxidation state (nickel(III). Nickel(III) compounds are oxidizing agents. They also are grayish. Nickel compounds can be green, blue, gray, or black.

Nickel(II) compounds

Nickel(II) compounds are not highly reactive. They are normally green or blue. They are toxic and irritate skin. Some of them are carcinogens.

• Nickel(II) carbonate, green
• Nickel(II) chloride, greenish
• Nickel(II) hydroxide, light green
• Nickel(II) nitrate, greenish
• Nickel(II) oxide, gray or light green
• Nickel(II) sulfate, blue-green

Nickel(III) compounds

Nickel(III) compounds are black or gray.

• Nickel(III) oxide

Isotopes

The isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from ⁴⁸Ni to ⁷⁸Ni. Nickel that is found in nature is made up of five stable isotopes; ⁵⁸Ni, ⁶⁰Ni, ⁶¹Ni, ⁶²Ni and ⁶⁴Ni.

At least 26 radioisotopes of nickel have been found. The most stable radioisotope is ⁵⁹Ni which has a half-life of 76,000 years. Nickel also has one meta state.

History

Nickel was found when an ore that looked like copper did not make copper metal. Later it was found that the ore actually had a new metal, called nickel. Nickel was isolated as a metal and classified as a chemical element by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751. At first, the copper colored nickel ore was the only source. Later, it was made as a byproduct of cobalt blue making.

Occurrence

Nickel is normally found as a mineral, and not as a metal in the ground. Sometimes meteorites have nickel and iron metal in them. The most common nickel mineral is pentlandite. Most of the nickel on Earth is thought to be in the Earth's Earth's outer and inner cores. There are sulfidic and lateritic nickel ores. Philippines mines the most nickel. Other major mining countries are Russia, Canada and Australia. All the older rocks on Earth have some rare metals. They are got by mining where the ores are most plentiful.

Preparation

Nickel is found in both laterite and sulfide ores. They are heated to melt them and concentrate them. They are also separated by oils. Nickel is made from its sulfide by heating it in air. This oxidizes the sulfide to sulfur dioxide, leaving liquid nickel behind. This nickel is not yet pure and not ready for use.

Pure nickel with a nickel content greater than 99% is made in an electrolytic process. In this process, the nickel is dissolved in bath of sulfuric acid. When the pure nickel sticks to cathodes hanging into the bath, the impurities remain in the sulfuric acid or at the bottom of the bath. These impurities are very interesting, as they can contain precious metals.

Production

Nickel is got by mining: the ore is roasted and reduced. This gives a metal of over 75% purity. In many stainless steel applications, 75% pure nickel is usable.

Uses

Sixty-eight percent of all nickel produced is used to make stainless steel. Nickel is also used in nichrome, a name for a nickel-chromium alloy, and other alloys. Nickel is used in magnets. Nickel is used in special expensive alloys called superalloys.

Nickel sulphate is used in rechargeable batteries. A lithium ion battery contains up to 15% of nickel while the lithium content is less than 1%. A nickel cadmium battery also uses nickel. Nickel compounds are also used to electroplate nickel on items. Nickel and some of its compounds are also used as a catalyst. Nickel is used in stainless steel. It is also used in some nonferrous alloys. It is used in electroplating.

Nickel is used to make many products like stainless steel, alnico magnet, coinage, rechargeable batteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules and plating on plumbing fixtures. It is used as a green tint in glass.

Nickel foam is used in gas diffusion electrodes for alkaline fuel cells.

Nickel and its alloys are used as catalysts for hydrogenation reactions. Nickel is used as a binder in the cemented tungsten carbide.

⁶³Ni is used in krytron devices as a beta particle emitter to make ionization by the keep-alive electrode more reliable. Raney nickel is used for hydrogenation of unsaturated oils to make margarine.

Safety

Nickel can irritate skin. That is why jewelry that releases nickel ions is bad for some people. Some nickel salts are carcinogens. Nickel is not as toxic as other metals such as mercury but it is still toxic.

References

1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Nickel". CIAAW. 2007.
2. ↑ Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.
3. ↑ Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.
4. ↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
5. ↑ Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. (2003). "The Nubase evaluation of nuclear and decay properties". Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1): 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
6. ↑ "Fun facts about nickel element - Nickel Institute". www.nickelinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 2017-09-21. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
7. ↑ University of California Libraries (1896). American plumbing practice. From the Engineering record (Prior to 1887 the sanitary engineer.) A selected reprint of articles describing notable plumbing installations in the United States, and questions and answers on problems arising in plumbing and house draining. With five hundred and thirty-six illustrations. New York, The Engineering record.
8. ↑ Davis, J.R.; Joseph, R.; ASM International Handbook Committee (2000). Nickel, cobalt, and their alloys. Materials Park, OH: ASM International. ISBN 0-87170-685-7. OCLC 44613209.
9. ↑ Kharton, Vladislav V. (2011). Solid state electrochemistry II:electrodes, interfaces and ceramic membranes. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-63558-0. OCLC 729731930.
10. ↑ "Bidault PDF" (PDF). 2011-07-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
11. ↑ Cheburaeva, R. F.; Chaporova, I. N.; Krasina, T. I. (1992). "Structure and properties of tungsten carbide hard alloys with an alloyed nickel binder". Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 31 (5): 423–425. doi:10.1007/BF00796252. ISSN 0038-5735. S2CID 135714029.
12. ↑ "Silicon Investigations Krytron Pulse Power Switch Page". 2011-07-16. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2020-09-30.

Related pages

• Nickel compounds