Rhenium

Rhenium, ₇₅Re
Rhenium
Pronunciation	/ˈriːniəm/ (REE-nee-əm)
Appearance	silvery-grayish
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Re)
	186.207(1)
Rhenium in the periodic table
	tungsten ← rhenium → osmium
Atomic number (Z)	75
Group	group 7
Period	period 6
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	3459 K (3186 °C, 5767 °F)
Boiling point	5903 K (5630 °C, 10,170 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	21.02 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	18.9 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	60.43 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	704 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.48 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.9
Ionization energies	1st: 760 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1260 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2510 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 137 pm
Covalent radius	151±7 pm
	Spectral lines of rhenium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	4700 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.2 µm/(m⋅K)
Thermal conductivity	48.0 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	193 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+67.6×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	463 GPa
Shear modulus	178 GPa
Bulk modulus	370 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.30
Mohs hardness	7.0
Vickers hardness	1350–7850 MPa
Brinell hardness	1320–2500 MPa
CAS Number	7440-15-5
History
Naming	after the river Rhine (German: Rhein)
Discovery	Walter Noddack, Ida Noddack, Otto Berg (1925)
First isolation	Walter Noddack, Ida Noddack (1928)
Isotopes of rhenium v; e;
ε	186W
	Category: Rhenium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Rhenium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Re. It has the atomic number 75. It is a rare noble metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements called the transition metals. The chemistry of rhenium is similar to manganese. Discovered in 1908, rhenium was the second-last stable element to be discovered ('stable' meaning not radioactive). It was named after the river Rhine in Europe.

Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element. The second-most important use is as a catalyst: rhenium is an excellent catalyst for hydrogenation and isomerization.

Rhenium found as a by-product of molybdenum refinement.

Rhenium is used in some manganese alloys. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductors.

History

Rhenium was discovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Noddack, and Otto Berg in Germany. In 1925, they reported that they detected the element in a platinum ore and in the mineral columbite. They also found rhenium in gadolinite and molybdenite. In 1928, they were able to remove 1 g of the element from 660 kg of molybdenite.

Characteristics

Rhenium is a silvery-white metal. It has the third highest melting points of all elements. It is also the third densest element.

Isotopes

Rhenium has one stable isotope which is rhenium-185. Rhenium that is found in nature is made up of 37.4% rhenium-185 and 62.6% rhenium-187. Rhenium has 33 known radioisotopes. They range from rhenium-160 to rhenium-194. The longest-lived radioisotope of rhenium is rhenium-183 which have a half-life of 70 days.

Occurence

Rhenium is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust. It the 77th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Rhenium may not be found free in nature. It is found in small amounts in the mineral molybdenite.

Production

Commercial rhenium is gotten from molybdenum roaster-flue gas. Some molybdenum ores contain 0.001% to 0.2% rhenium. Rhenium metal is made by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at high temperatures.

Uses

Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. Rhenium is used in superalloys, such as CMSX-4 (2nd generation) and CMSX-10 (3rd generation). These superalloys are used in industrial gas turbine engines like the GE 7FA. Rhenium filaments are used in mass spectrometers, ion gauges and photoflash lamps in photography. Rhenium-platinum alloys are used as a catalyst for catalytic reforming. Rhenium-188 and Rhenium-186 are used to treat of liver cancer.

References

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhenium". CIAAW. 1973.
↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
1 2 "Die Ekamangane". Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 13 (26): 567–574. 1925. Bibcode:1925NW.....13..567.. doi:10.1007/BF01558746. ISSN 0028-1042. S2CID 32974087.
↑ Liu, Lin-Gun; Takahashi, Taro; Bassett, William A. (1970). "Effect of pressure and temperature on the lattice parameters of rhenium". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 31 (6): 1345–1351. Bibcode:1970JPCS...31.1345L. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(70)90138-1.
↑ "How to Change Nuclear Decay Rates". math.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
↑ Bosch, F.; Faestermann, T.; Friese, J.; Heine, F.; Kienle, P.; Wefers, E.; Zeitelhack, K.; Beckert, K.; Franzke, B. (1996-12-23). "Observation of Bound-State β − Decay of Fully Ionized 187 Re: 187 Re − 187 Os Cosmochronometry". Physical Review Letters. 77 (26): 5190–5193. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5190. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10062738.
↑ Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties". Chinese Physics C. 41 (3) 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001. ISSN 1674-1137. Archived from the original on 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
1 2 3 Greenwood, Norman; N., Earnshaw (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Elsevier Science & Technology Books. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑ Emsley, John. (2001). Nature's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850341-5. OCLC 46984609.
1 2 Rouschias, George (1974). "Recent advances in the chemistry of rhenium". Chemical Reviews. 74 (5): 531–566. doi:10.1021/cr60291a002. ISSN 0009-2665.
↑ SCHENK, P.W.; BRAUER, G. (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier. pp. 3–107. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-395590-6.50008-9. ISBN 978-0-12-395590-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
↑ Bondarenko, Yu. A.; Kablov, E. N.; Surova, V. A.; Echin, A. B. (2006). "Effect of high-gradient directed crystallization on the structure and properties of rhenium-bearing single-crystal alloy". Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 48 (7–8): 360–363. Bibcode:2006MSHT...48..360B. doi:10.1007/s11041-006-0099-6. ISSN 0026-0673. S2CID 136907279.
↑ Earle, G.D.; Medikonduri, R.; Rajagopal, N.; Narayanan, V.; Roddy, P.A. (2005). "Tungsten-rhenium filament lifetime variability in low pressure oxygen environments". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 33 (5): 1736–1737. Bibcode:2005ITPS...33.1736E. doi:10.1109/TPS.2005.856413. ISSN 0093-3813. S2CID 26162679.
↑ Ede, Andrew. (2006). The chemical element : a historical perspective. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33304-1. OCLC 64390389.
↑ Ryashentseva, Margarita A (1998-02-28). "Rhenium-containing catalysts in reactions of organic compounds". Russian Chemical Reviews. 67 (2): 157–177. Bibcode:1998RuCRv..67..157R. doi:10.1070/RC1998v067n02ABEH000390. ISSN 0036-021X. S2CID 250866233.
↑ R. Dilworth, Jonathan; J. Parrott, Suzanne (1998). "The biomedical chemistry of technetium and rhenium". Chemical Society Reviews. 27 (1): 43. Bibcode:1998CSRev..27...43R. doi:10.1039/a827043z. ISSN 0306-0012.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhenium". CIAAW. 1973.

[2] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[3] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-4] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[:0-5] 1 2 "Die Ekamangane". Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 13 (26): 567–574. 1925. Bibcode:1925NW.....13..567.. doi:10.1007/BF01558746. ISSN 0028-1042. S2CID 32974087.

[6] Liu, Lin-Gun; Takahashi, Taro; Bassett, William A. (1970). "Effect of pressure and temperature on the lattice parameters of rhenium". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 31 (6): 1345–1351. Bibcode:1970JPCS...31.1345L. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(70)90138-1.

[7] "How to Change Nuclear Decay Rates". math.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-26.

[8] Bosch, F.; Faestermann, T.; Friese, J.; Heine, F.; Kienle, P.; Wefers, E.; Zeitelhack, K.; Beckert, K.; Franzke, B. (1996-12-23). "Observation of Bound-State β − Decay of Fully Ionized 187 Re: 187 Re − 187 Os Cosmochronometry". Physical Review Letters. 77 (26): 5190–5193. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5190. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10062738.

[9] Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties". Chinese Physics C. 41 (3) 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001. ISSN 1674-1137. Archived from the original on 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2020-09-26.

[:1-10] 1 2 3 Greenwood, Norman; N., Earnshaw (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Elsevier Science & Technology Books. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[11] Emsley, John. (2001). Nature's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850341-5. OCLC 46984609.

[:2-12] 1 2 Rouschias, George (1974). "Recent advances in the chemistry of rhenium". Chemical Reviews. 74 (5): 531–566. doi:10.1021/cr60291a002. ISSN 0009-2665.

[13] SCHENK, P.W.; BRAUER, G. (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier. pp. 3–107. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-395590-6.50008-9. ISBN 978-0-12-395590-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

[14] Bondarenko, Yu. A.; Kablov, E. N.; Surova, V. A.; Echin, A. B. (2006). "Effect of high-gradient directed crystallization on the structure and properties of rhenium-bearing single-crystal alloy". Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 48 (7–8): 360–363. Bibcode:2006MSHT...48..360B. doi:10.1007/s11041-006-0099-6. ISSN 0026-0673. S2CID 136907279.

[15] Earle, G.D.; Medikonduri, R.; Rajagopal, N.; Narayanan, V.; Roddy, P.A. (2005). "Tungsten-rhenium filament lifetime variability in low pressure oxygen environments". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 33 (5): 1736–1737. Bibcode:2005ITPS...33.1736E. doi:10.1109/TPS.2005.856413. ISSN 0093-3813. S2CID 26162679.

[16] Ede, Andrew. (2006). The chemical element : a historical perspective. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33304-1. OCLC 64390389.

[17] Ryashentseva, Margarita A (1998-02-28). "Rhenium-containing catalysts in reactions of organic compounds". Russian Chemical Reviews. 67 (2): 157–177. Bibcode:1998RuCRv..67..157R. doi:10.1070/RC1998v067n02ABEH000390. ISSN 0036-021X. S2CID 250866233.

[18] R. Dilworth, Jonathan; J. Parrott, Suzanne (1998). "The biomedical chemistry of technetium and rhenium". Chemical Society Reviews. 27 (1): 43. Bibcode:1998CSRev..27...43R. doi:10.1039/a827043z. ISSN 0306-0012.