Praseodymium

Praseodymium, ₅₉Pr
Praseodymium
Pronunciation	/ˌpreɪziːəˈdɪmiəm/ (listenⓘ) (PRAY-zee-ə-DIM-ee-əm)
Appearance	grayish white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Pr)
	140.90766(1)
Praseodymium in the periodic table
	cerium ← praseodymium → neodymium
Atomic number (Z)	59
Group	f-block groups (no number)
Period	period 6
Block	f-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f3 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1208 K (935 °C, 1715 °F)
Boiling point	3403 K (3130 °C, 5666 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	6.77 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	6.50 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	6.89 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	331 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	27.20 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.13
Ionization energies	1st: 527 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1020 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2086 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 182 pm
Covalent radius	203±7 pm
	Spectral lines of praseodymium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	2280 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	α, poly: 6.7 µm/(m⋅K) (at r.t.)
Thermal conductivity	12.5 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 0.700 µΩ⋅m (at r.t.)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+5010.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	α form: 37.3 GPa
Shear modulus	α form: 14.8 GPa
Bulk modulus	α form: 28.8 GPa
Poisson ratio	α form: 0.281
Vickers hardness	250–745 MPa
Brinell hardness	250–640 MPa
CAS Number	7440-10-0
History
Discovery	Carl Auer von Welsbach (1885)
Isotopes of praseodymium v; e;
ε	142Ce
	Category: Praseodymium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Praseodymium is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 59 which means it has 59 protons in an atom. It is a soft silvery metal that can be used to make yellow-green salts. It is mixed with magnesium to produce strong metal used in aircraft engines. It can also be used to color green glass, and is in electrodes in lights. Praseodymium was first isolated (separated from other elements) in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is found in sands, called monazite sands, of Florida, California, India, and Brazil.

Estimates of Praseodymium that can be mined

"Praseodymium [can be found in, or is] a companion in the ... minerals Cerit, Monazit and Bastnäsit. The worldwide reserves are estimated at 4 million tons", according to media (in 2024's second quarter).

Sources

↑ "praseodymium". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Praseodymium". CIAAW. 2017.
↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
↑ Chen, Xin; et al. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB^3– and PrB^4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295. S2CID 56148031.
↑ Jackson, M. (2000). "Magnetism of Rare Earth" (PDF). The IRM quarterly. 10 (3): 1.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/critical-metals-investing/rare-earth-investing/rare-earth-reserves-country/. Retrieved 2024-06-08

This short article about chemistry can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

[1] "praseodymium". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Praseodymium". CIAAW. 2017.

[Cloke1993-3] Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

[4] Chen, Xin; et al. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB^3– and PrB^4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295. S2CID 56148031.

[jackson-5] Jackson, M. (2000). "Magnetism of Rare Earth" (PDF). The IRM quarterly. 10 (3): 1.

[6] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-7] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[8] ttps://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/critical-metals-investing/rare-earth-investing/rare-earth-reserves-country/. Retrieved 2024-06-08